Tonypandy Riots. 1910. Police control striking coal miners. Cavalry held in reserve by Churchill.

Torch, Operation. 1942-3. Anglo-US operations in French NW Africa. Vichy France calls for Axis support in Tunis.

Torricelli, Evangelista. 1608-47. Italian physicist. mercury barometer, vacuum 1643.

Torun, Treaty. 1466. Poland, Teutonic Knights. Poland regains Prussia. Knights acknowledge Polish sovereignty.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Tostig. -1066. Brother of English Harold II. Aided William the Conqueror and Norway’s Harold III invasions of England.

Totalitarianism. Government which tries to fully control life of citizens. Fascist Italy. Nazi Germany. Communist Russia.

Totila. -552. Ostrogoth king. Reconquered Italy.

Toungoo. 15-18C Burmese dynasty.

Tour d’Argent. Paris restaurant where Henry IV learned the use of the fork.

Tours, Truce. 1444-49. Break in Hundred Years War.

Townshend Act. 1767-70. Reasserted English authority in American colonies. Import duties.

Towton, Battle. 1461. York victory in War of Roses. Henry VI fled England. Edward IV took crown.

Toynbee, Arnold. 1852-83. English economist, social reformer on behalf of the working class. The Industrial Revolution 1884.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1889-75. English historian on the cyclicality of civilizations. Study of History 1934-61.

Trabzon Empire. 1204-1461. Independent Byzantine Empire after fall of Constantinople. Defeated by Ottomans.

Trade Unions. Legalized: 1824 Britain. 1834 France. 1869 Germany. 1875 British legalized picketing.

Trades Union Congress. TUC. 1868. Organization of British unions sponsoring Labour Party. ICFTU.

Trafalgar, Battle. 1805. Nelson’s victory over the French and Spanish fleets. British naval superiority secured. Nelson killed. Ends Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

Trams. 1832 NY. 1853 Paris. 1861 London. 1891 Leeds electric.

Transcendental Meditation. Based on Vedas. Modern movement established by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1958.

Transcendentalism. 1835-55. US philosophy. Man’s divinity and goodness. Insight over logic. Opposed to authority. Thoreau. Emerson. Channing.

Transcontinental Treaty. 1819. Spain renounces Florida, Oregon to US. Keeps Texas.

Transkei. Bantu territory of South Africa. 1962 Self government. 1976 Independence recognized, but only by South Africa.

Transylvania. 1C BC Dacia. 106 Rome. 270 Barbarians. 1003 Hungary. 1526 Ottoman/autonomous. 1699 Hapsburg/autonomous. 1867 Hungary. 1918 Romania. 1940-45 Hungary(N).

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