Tisza, István. 1861-1918. Hungarian Prime Minister 1903-5,13-17. Supported alliance with Germany. Assassinated.

Titania. Queen of the fairies.

Titans. 12 giant children of Uranus and Gaea. Overthrown by Zeus, other gods.

Tithes. 10% tax paid to church. Implemented by Christians, 4C-9C. Enforced by law 8C; 10C England. Abolished: 1789 France, 1887 Italy, 1871 Ireland. 1836 England converted to rent and reduced; abolished 1936.

Tithonus. Prince endowed with immortality, but not eternal youth. Became grasshopper.

Tolkien, JRR. 1892-1973. English philologist, fantasy novelist. Lord of the Rings 1954.

Tolstoy, Lev. 1828-1910. Russian historical novelist. Moralist. Occupied with social reforms; freed his serfs. Founded Christian anarchist religion. War and Peace 1863-9. Anna Karenina 1875-7.

Tontine. 1653-1789. Fund, first created by Tonti. Members invest for increasing annuity as others die, with the last receiving the balance.

Toscanini, Arturo. 1867-1957. Italian virtuoso conductor of Verdi, Beethoven.

Tostig. -1066. Brother of English Harold II. Aided William the Conqueror and Norway’s Harold III invasions of England.

Totila. -552. Ostrogoth king. Reconquered Italy.

Tour d’Argent. Paris restaurant where Henry IV learned the use of the fork.

Townshend Act. 1767-70. Reasserted English authority in American colonies. Import duties.

Toynbee, Arnold. 1852-83. English economist, social reformer on behalf of the working class. The Industrial Revolution 1884.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1889-75. English historian on the cyclicality of civilizations. Study of History 1934-61.

Tractarian Movement. Oxford Movement. 1833- Named after Tracts for the Times. Condemned at Oxford 1841.

Trafalgar, Battle. 1805. Nelson’s victory over the French and Spanish fleets. British naval superiority secured. Nelson killed. Ends Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

Transcendentalism. 1835-55. US philosophy. Man’s divinity and goodness. Insight over logic. Opposed to authority. Thoreau. Emerson. Channing.

Transkei. Bantu territory of South Africa. 1962 Self government. 1976 Independence recognized, but only by South Africa.

Transvaal. Bantu. 1836 Boers settle. Great Trek. 1855 South African Republic. 1877 British. 1881 Self-government. 1900 British. 1907 Self-governed. 1910 Union of South Africa.

Treitschke, Heinrich von. 1834-96. German Nationalist historian. Authoritarianism. History of Germany 1879-94.

Trenchard, Hugh. 1873-1956. British Flying Corps Commander. “Father of the RAF” 1918.

Trent, Council of. 1545-63. Compiled Missal used by Roman Catholic Church until 1969. Prohibited sale of indulgences. Signals counter-reformation. Luther.

Trevithick, Richard. 1771-1833. English inventor of high pressure steam engine. Locomotive 1803.

Trinity. Christian doctrine that God has single essence in 3 divine persons: Father, Son, Holy Spirit.

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