Magi. Persian priest caste. Caspar, Melchior, Belthazar bore gifts to Jesus.

Magritte, René. 1898-1967. Belgian Surrealist painter. Ceci n’est pas un pipe 1948. Castle of the Pyrenees 1962.

Mahler, Gustav. 1860-1911. Austrian classical Romantic symphony composer. Bridged gap between Romantics and atonalists. Resurrection Symphony 1894.

Mahmud II. 1785-1839. Ottoman sultan 1808-. Lost Greece, Syria. Destroyed Janissaries.

Malcolm III. c1031-1093. Scottish king 1058-. Killed and succeeded Macbeth.

Maldives. Dravidians, Sinhalese settle. 12C Islam. 1153 Sultanate. 1507 Portugal garrison. 17C Dutch protectorate. 1796 British protectorate. 1965 Independent. 1968 Republic.

Mali. Ancient Ghana. c1200 Mali Empire includes Senegal, Niger. 1460 Songhai Empire. c1600 Divided. c1880 =French Sudan. 1959 +Senegal +Sudanese Republic =Mali Federation. 1960 Independent -Senegal =Mali Republic.

Malplaquet, Battle. 1709. Marlborough defeats French in war of Spanish Succession.

Malthus, Thomas. 1766-1834. English economist, warned population would exceed food supply. Essay on Population 1798.

Manet, Édouard. 1832-83. French Pre-Impressionist painter. Olympia 1863. Déjeuner sur l’herbe 1863, triggered Impressionism. Folies-Bergères 1882. Monet.

Manlius Capitolinus. -384BC. Roman Consul. Geese awaken...Gaul attack repulsed, 390BC.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Mantuan Succession, War. 1628-31. French fight Hapsburgs over Mantua in 30 Years War.

Mar, John, Earl of. 1675-1732. Led unsuccessful Jacobite Rebellion, 1715.

Marbury vs Madison. 1803. First US Supreme court ruling an Act of Congress unconstitutional. Marshall.

Marcel, Étienne. 1316-58. French draper who led unsuccessful Paris revolt vs Dauphin Charles V, 1355-8, while John II captured by English. Assassinated.

Marcellus, Marcus. c268-208BC. Roman consul. Conquered Syracuse 212BC. “The Sword of Rome”.

March on Rome. 1922. Mussolini’s planned Fascist insurrection. Facta resigned.

Marcion. 144. Founded heretical sect with 2 Gods: imperfect Old Testament God and Jesus’ merciful God.

Marggraf, Andreas. 1709-82. German. Sugar in beets, 1747.

Maria Theresa. 1717-80. Hapsburg Empress of Austria-Hungary 1740-. War of Austrian Succession.

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of. 1650-1722. English general vs Louis XIV in War of Spanish Succession. Blenheim. Malplaquet. Ramillies.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Marshall, Thurgood. 1908-93. First black on US Supreme Court 1967-92.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

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