Aaron. c14C BC. Old Testament. Brother of Moses. Later his rival.

Abd el-Kader. 1808-83. Arab emir who fought French 1840-46; founded Algerian state.

Abel. Old Testament. Second son of Adam and Eve. Killed by Cain.

Abraham. c2000BC. Old Testament father of Jewish, Arab peoples. Sarah. Hagar.Ishmael.

Abydos, Table. 14C BC List of Egyptian. kings. Discovered Temple of Seti,1817.

Académie Française. Assembly of 40 “immortals” founded 1635 by Richelieu to set literary standards, language.

Actaeon. Mythical Greek hunter, turned into a stag for watching Artemis bathing.

Adams, William. 1564-1620. English navigator established Japan trade c1613.

Adelung, Johann. 1732-1806. German scholar; helped standardize language.

Adenauer, Konrad. 1876-1967. First chancellor of German Federal Republic., 1949-63. Stabilized postwar Germany.

Aetolian League. 4-2C BC. Confederation of Greek city states, led by Thebes.

Afghanistan. c200BC Aryan. 6C BC Achaemenid. 330 Alexander...Seleucid/ Maurya. 2C BC Persia/ India/ Parthia/ Kushan. 7C Arab (NW). 750 Persia (W)/ Hindu (E). 1219 Mongol...Timurid. 1525 Mogul. 1737 Persia. 1747 Monarchy. 19 C Britain/Russia dispute 1880 British suzerainty. 1919 Independent. 1973 Marxist coup, Republic. 1978 Communist coup. 1979 Russian occupation. 1989 Mujahideen expel Russians aided by CIA. 1990s Warlords. 2001 US attack Taliban.

Afghanistan Invasion. 1979-87. Russian troops support Marxist revolutionaries.

Aggression. 1974 UN Definition-Use of armed force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another state.

Agricola, Johann. 1494-1566. German Protestant reformer and Antinomianist.

Ahmad Shah Durrani. c1722-73. Founder, Afghanistan.

Alaska. 1741 Bering explores. 1799 Russian America. 1867 US buys for $7.2M. 1959 State.

Albuquerque, Afonso de. 1453-1515. Portuguese conquistador. Expanded empire.

Alexander II. 1818-81. Russian Czar 1855-. Emancipated serfs, 1861. Established elected assemblies, Zemstvo, settled Crimean War. Assassinated by Narodniki.

Alexander III. 1845-1894. Russian Czar 1881-. Established absolute rule using secret police. Temporary Rules. Franco-Russian Alliance.

Alliance for Progress. 1961. Coordination of Latin American economies, resistance to communism.

Alma, Battle. 1854 Crimean War. French and British defeat Russians at Sebastapol.

Alphabet. 1500BC. Semitic invention developed through mnemonic, pictorial, ideographic, and phonetic stages.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Alvarado, Pedro de. c1486-1541. Spanish conquerer of Guatemala and El Salvador. Conquistador to Mexico.

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