Amanollah Khan. 1892-1960. Amir of Afghanistan 1919-29. Won independence from Britain, 1919.

American Revolution. 1775-1783. Independence won from Britain, United States of America formed.

Amistad Affair. 1841. Slaves mutiny on Spanish ship. Sail to US. Declared free by US court.

Anarchism. 19C Philosophy: “Every man should be his own government, his own law, his own church”-Owen. Thoreau’s return to nature, passive resistance, and no taxes influenced Ghandi. Proudhon. Tolstoy. Godwin.

Anarchism, Communistic. Marxist revolutionary version of anarchism that seeks to overthrow the state. Bakunin. Kropotkin. Assassinated: Sadi-Carnot, Empress Elizabeth, Umberto I, McKinley.

Anastasia. 1901-18.Daughter of Nicholas II, allegedly survived family execution.

Anaximenes. -c570BC. Miletan (Gr) philosopher: quantitive differences of substances. All matter is air.

Andropov, Yuri. 1914-84. Soviet chief of state, 1984: advocated efficiency.

Anglo-Dutch Wars. 17-18C. Established England’s naval power, ended Dutch world power.

Anglo-Irish Treaty. 1921. Partitioned Ireland. Irish Free State as Dominion. N. Ireland in UK.

Angry Young Men. 1950s British writers. Irreverence for establishment. Amis, Wain, Osborne.

Anjala League. 1788-89. Swedish, Finnish officers conspire vs Gustav III to end Russo-Swedish War.

Antinomianism. 16C Belief that some Christians by special faith need not obey Old Testament moral laws.

Antioch. 300BC Seleucus I founds. 64BC Rome. First reference to disciples as Christians c42. 540 Persia. 637 Moslem. 10-11C Syrian capital. 969 Byzantine. 1098 Crusader State. 1268 Egypt. 1517 Ottoman. 1920 Syria. 1939 Turkey.

Apocrypha. 14 Books of the Old Testament excluded by Protestants and Jews.

Apprentices Statute. 1563-1814 England. 7 Years apprenticeship required for all trades.

April Theses. 1917. Lenin’s plan for Soviet takeover of state power from provisional government.

Aquila Ponticus. 2C. Translated Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek. Version adopted by Jews.

Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.

Arai Hakuseki. 1657-1725. Japanese Confucian philosopher, statesman, historian.

Arcadian League. 370-362BC. Union of states vs Sparta.

Argos. Greek city-state. Dominated Peloponnesus 7C BC.

Aristarchus. 310-230BC. Samos. First to postulate sun as center of solar system. Accused of impiety. Copernicus.

Armenian Church. c303. First Christian state church. 506 schism with Rome.

Ashkenazi. 1534-72. Cabalistic Jewish scholar. Established Safed center of learning, Palestine.

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