Lukin, Lionel. 1742-1834. English inventor of first safe life boat 1785.

Lully, J-B. 1632-87. Composer who developed French Opera overture styles. Armide 1686.

Lumière, Louis. 1864-1948. Auguste 1862-1954. French chemists, invented cinematography 1895.

Lumumba, Patrice. 1925-61. Congo independence leader. First Prime Minister of Zaire 1960-. Deposed, murdered.

Luna 3. 1959. First photographs of moon’s far side.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Lurçat, Jean. 1892-1966. French painter, revived the art of tapestry. Apocalypse 1948.

Lusitania. 1915. British passenger ship sunk by German U-boat. Led to US joining WWI. 1198 lost.

Lusitania. Roman province ≈Portugal + west Spain.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

Lutuli, Albert. 1898-1967. African Zulu chief. Pacifist ANC President 1952-. Let My People Go 1962.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Lyautey, Louis. 1854-1934. French General. Established French protectorate over Morocco.

Lyceum. c335BC. Athenian school founded by Aristotle, called ’Peripatetics’.

Lycia. Mountain district of Anatolia. 43 conquered by Rome. Xanthos.

Lycurgus. 9C BC. Totalitarian Spartan reformer. Created militaristic society.

Lydia. -700BC Maeonia. 546BC Persia. 133 Rome. First coins 7C BC.

Lyell, Charles. 1797-1875. British geologist. Principles of Geology 1833. Coined terms for eras: Pliocene, Miocene, Eocene. Uniformitarianism.

Lyons, Council, 2nd. 1274. Union of East, West churches. Later repudiated by Greek clergy. Schism.

Lysenko, Trofim. 1898-1976. Russian biologist. Forced outdated Lamarck genetics on Agriculture Academy holding back Russian progress.

Lysias. c445-380BC. Greek orator. Unembellished style.Against Eratosthenes 404BC.

Lytton, Bulwer-. 1803-73. English novelist: Last Days of Pompeii 1834. “It was a dark and stormy night”.

Maastricht, Treaty. 1993. Established European Union. Common citizenship, currency and free trade.

MacAlpin. Kenneth I. -858. First King of Scots and Picts.

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