Ingersoll, Robert. 1833-99. US agnostic philosopher, orator.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Isolationism. 19C-1916. US foreign policy of noninvolvement in foreign affairs.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Jaruzelski, Wojciech. 1923-. Polish leader 1981-90. Banned Solidarity -1989. First free elections, 1989, since WWII.

Jesuit Order. Society of Jesus.1534-. Founded by Loyola. Vows of poverty, chastity, and perfect obedience to Pope. Missionary and educational work. Dissolved 1773; restored 1814.

Josephus, Flavius. 37-100. Jewish soldier/historian. History of the Jewish Wars 75-9.

Kanagawa, Treaty. 1854. US-Japan trade agreement. Ended Japan’s isolationism 1639-. Perry.

Karamanlis, Konstantinos. 1907-98. Greek Prime Minister 1955-63, 74-80. President 1980-. Resolved Cyprus crises 1960,74.

Kelvin, Lord. 1824-1907. British engineer/ mathematician. Absolute temperature scale. Thermodynamic theory.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. 1798. Virginia-Kentucky.

King’s Law. 1665. Justified Christian V’s Absolute Monarchy in Denmark + Norway.

Laplace, Pierre. 1749-1827. French mathematician, astronomer. Celestial mechanics 1779-1825. Solar system origin from condensed gas.

League of Nations. 1920-46. Versailles. For everlasting peace. Idea of US, who did not join. Germany 1926-33. Maximum 63 nations. Failed 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria. USSR expelled1939. Dissolved 1946. Mandates.

Léger, Fernand. 1881-1955. French painter. Modernist mechanistic forms of solid colors. Femme au Livre 1923. Grande Parade 1954.

Leopold II. 1747-92. Holy Roman Emperor 1790-. “Enlightened despot”. Liberal reforms. Declaration of Pillnitz for absolutism.

Lima Declaration. 1938. W. Hemisphere solidarity vs Fascist threat.

Lincolnshire Insurection. 1536. Against taxes, Dissolution of Monasteries.

Lindbergh, Charles. 1902-74. US aviator: first solo non-stop flight across Atlantic, 1927.

Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1850-1924. US isolationist senator, blocked US entry to League of Nations.

London Bridge. 963 wood. 1176 stone. 1831 rebuilt. 1971 Sold, moved to US.

Louis XIII. The Just. 1601-43. French King 1610-. With Richelieu, extended monarchs power. Absolutism.

Louis XIV. Sun King. 1638-1715. French King 1643-. Mazarin regent to 1661. Absolute reign signalled a flourishing of the arts. Built Versailles. Revoked Edict of Nantes. -“L’état c’est moi.”

Louis-Philippe. 1773-1850. French King 1830-48. 1790 Jacobin liberal who became absolutist monarch. Supported by bourgeoisie, defeated by workers in Revolt.

Loyola, St. Ignatius. 1491-1556. Spanish soldier, founder of ascetic Jesuit Order, army of God working directly for the Pope. Spiritual Exercises 1548.

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