Muckrakers. 1906-12. US reporters expose corruption. Sinclair. Collier. McClure.

Mussolini, Benito. Il Duce. 1883-1945. Italian Fascist dictator 1922-. Seized Abyssinia 1935. Allied with Germany WWII. Shot.

Nagy, Imre. 1896-1958. Hungarian premier 1953~56. Executed after Hungarian Uprising. Rehabilitated 1989.

Narodniki. 19C Russian Socialist movement advocating land for peasants. Assassinated Alexander II. Populism.

National Recovery Organization. 1933. US. For business recovery during Great Depression.

Nationalism. 17-20C. Sociopolitical movement stressing individual’s loyalty to his state. 19C Led to Imperialism. 20C Fascism and Nazism.

Neoclassical. 17-18C. French-originated revival of classical order of arts, architecture. Order, balance, simplicity. Poussin. David. Molière. Adam. 1920-. Music based on 18C style + popular taste. Milhaud. Stravinsky. Les Six.

Neoplatonism. 3C Plotinus’ philosophy of the “One”. Union with the “Good” by using intelligence.

Nightingale, Florence. 1820-1910. English pioneer of nursing in Crimean War. “The lady with the lamp.”

Nonjurors. 1689. Clergy refusing to take oath of Allegiance to William and Mary.

Odoacer. c435-93. German who deposed Romulus Augustus 476. Assassinated by Theodoric.

Oisin. (Ossian). 3C. Gaelic warrior bard. Legends of his father Finn MacCool.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Orléans, Louis, duc d’. 1372-1407. Began Armagnac/Burgundy conflict. Assassinated by supporters of John the Fearless.

Orsini. 12C-. Influential Roman family. Popes Celestine III, Nicholas III, Benedict XIII.

Orsini Affair. 1858. Unsuccessful plot on Napoleon III led to his interest in Italian unity.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Ossianic Ballads. 11-18C Irish based on 3C themes of Finn MacCool. Oisin.

Oswald, Lee Harvey. 1939-1963. Kennedy assassin; killed by Ruby.

Otakar II. -1278. King of Bohemia 1252-. Killed at Dürnkrut opposing HRE Rudolf I.

Oxford Group. 1921- Early form of Buchmanism stressing group confessions.

Palladian. Classical Roman British architecture. 1615-35 and 1715-60. Inigo Jones. Palladio.

Palme, Olof. 1927-86. Swedish Prime Minister. Assassinated.

Panay Incident. 1937. Japanese sink US gunboat in China. US restraint exemplified isolationism.

Paré, Ambroise. 1510-90. Father of modern surgery. -“I apply the dressing. God heals the wound.” Invented articulating artificial limbs 1540.

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