Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

Lie, Trygve. 1896-1968. Norwegian. First UN Secretary General, 1946-52.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Louis VII. The Young. 1120-80. French King 1137-. Second Crusade. Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine annulled, consanguinity.

Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

Maccabees. -63BC Jewish family. Led revolt vs Seleucids 168BC. Reconsecrated Temple of Jerusalem.

Machaut, Guillaume de. c1300-77. French composer of secular and church music in Ars Nova style.

Maintenon, Françoise de. 1635-1719. Mistress, then secret wife of Louis XIV. Founded St-Cyr.

Mandaeanism. Persian Gnostic sect revering John the Baptist. Fertility worship.

Marcion. 144. Founded heretical sect with 2 Gods: imperfect Old Testament God and Jesus’ merciful God.

Marcus Aurelius. 121-180. Roman Emperor 161-. Stoic philosopher. Meditations. Repelled invasions. Persecuted Christians.

Marquess. (Marquis). Second rank of British peerage.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Matteotti Crisis. 1924. Italian Fascists kill Socialist, Matteotti for denouncing them. Aventine Secession.

Melchites. 451-. Middle Eastern Roman Catholic sect with rites in Arabic, affirming Christ’s dual human/divine nature.

Mennonites. 1536. Christian pacifist congregationalist sect based on Anabaptists but teaching conservatism.

MGB. 1946-53. USSR Secret Police. KGB.

MI5. 1909. British Security Service responsible for counterintelligence and internal security.

MI6. 1912. British Secret Intelligence Service. Overseas intelligence and strategic services. Continuation of 16C Secret Service.

Montrose Campaign. 1644-5. Scotland defeats England in Civil War.

Moravian Church. Unitas Fratrum. 1457-. Protestant Hussite sect. 1467 Split from Utraquists. 18C German Pietist revival.

Moriscos. 1492-1614. Moors in Spain forcibly converted to Catholicism after Reconquista. Secretly remained Moslem. Revolted 1569. Deported 1609-14.

Mormons. 1830-. Latter Day Saints. Christian sect founded by Joseph Smith after divine revelation. Settled Utah. Founded Salt Lake City 1847.

Müller, Paul. 1899-1965. Swiss chemist. DDT as insecticide 1939.

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