Mysteries. Secret Roman/Greek religious cults. Orphic.

National Covenant. 1638. Oath to maintain Scottish Presbyterianism against Charles I episcopacy. 1638-90. Presbyterians persecuted in Scotland. 1643-67 Solemn League allied with Parliament in Civil War. 1647-supported Charles. 1661 illegal.

National Insurance. 1911 Britain. Unemployment, health insurance. Social Security.

National Security Act. 1947. Formed US National Security Council, CIA.

Nero. 37-68. Cruel, licentious Roman Emperor 54-. Persecuted Christians. Killed mother, wife. Blamed for fire, 63. Golden House.

Ney, Michel. 1769-1815. Marshal under Napoleon. Shot after second Restoration. “Bravest of the brave”-Napoleon.

Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

NKVD. 1934-46. Soviet secret police. KGB.

Novatian. c200-58. Antipope. Founded strict sect -6C. Novation Schism.

Nufer, Jacob. c1500. First successful Caesarian section on living mother.

Numa Pompilius. c715-673BC. Second king of Rome. Organized the ceremony of state.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

OGPU. 1923. Soviet secret police. 1934 NKVD. KGB.

Okhrana. 1881-1917. Czar’s secret police. Cheka.

Old Believers. 17C- Russian sect vs Nikon’s reforms.

Old Catholics. 1870. Catholic sect vs papal infallibility. Joined Church of England 1931.

Omar. 581-644. Second Moslem caliph. Invaded Syria, Egypt, Persia. Established taxation.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Paulicians. 7-11C. Heretical Gnostic dualistic Christian sect.

Peloponnesian War, Second. 431-404BC. Sparta defeats Athens, beginning Greek decline.

Penal Laws. 16C-1829. English persecution of Catholics.

Pentecostalism. Protestant fundamentalist mystic sects. Baptism with Holy Spirit gives supernatural gifts, speaking in tongues.

Perez de Cuellar, Javier. 1920-. Peruvian UN Sec. Gen. 1982-91.

Phalangists. 1936-2000 Militant Maronites vs Moslems in Lebanese Civil War.

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