New Thought. 19-20C. US philosophy. Idealism, mind healing.

New York City. 1609 Hudson discovers. 1624 Dutch New Amsterdam. 1626 Manhattan Purchase. 1664 English. 1785-90 US capital.

New Zealand. <8C Maori. 1642 Tasman discovers. 1840 British. 1852 Autonomous. 1907 Dominion.

Newcomen, Thomas. 1663-1729. First steam engine, 1706, as mine pump. Basis of Watt’s.

Newfoundland. Beothuk, Inuit. 10C Norse discover. 1497 Cabot rediscovers. 1583 Britain claims. 17-18C British, French dispute. 1713 British sovereignty recognized. 1855 Self-governing. 1934 Crown Colony. 1949 Canadian province.

Newgate Prison. 12C-1880. London. Execution site 1783-1868. On site of Old Bailey. Demolished 1902.

Newman, John. 1801-90. English theologian, writer, founded Oxford Movement. Apologia pro Vita Sua 1868.

Newspapers.1566 Venice (first). 1594 Mercurius Gallobelgious England. 1621 Batter England. 1662 First censorship. 1690 Boston. 1702 Daily Courant, first daily.

Newton, Isaac. 1643-1727. English physicist. Calculus 1666. Reflecting telescope 1668. Binomial Theorem. 1676. Tides 1683. Law of Gravity and Acceleration 1684. Decomposition of light.Principia Mathematica 1687. Speed of sound 1698.Opticks 1704.

Ney, Michel. 1769-1815. Marshal under Napoleon. Shot after second Restoration. “Bravest of the brave”-Napoleon.

Nezahvualcoyotl. 15C Aztec poet, philosopher, architect. King of Texcoco.

Ngo Dinh Diem. 1901-63. Repressive anti-communist. First President of South Vietnam 1954-. Killed in coup.

Nguyen. 1802-1945. Last Vietnam dynasty.

Nguyen van Thieu. 1923-. South Vietnam president 1967-75.

Niagara Falls. Discovered 1678 by French priest Louis Hennepin.

Niagara Movement. 1905-10. US black civil rights movement. NAACP.

Nibelungen. Rich subterranean dwarfs of 12C German epic poem c1200. Basis of Wagner’s Ring.

Nicaea. 4C BC Greco-Turkish city. Now Izmik.

Nicaea, Council. 325. Debate of Athanasius and Arius resolved Nicene Creed, not Easter dates. 787. Temporarily resolved Iconoclasm.

Nicaea, Empire. 1204-61. Byzantine state reconquered Latin Empire to restore Byzantine Empire.

Nicaragua. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1826 CAF. 1839 Independent. Sandinistas.

Nicene Creed. 325. Tenets of Christian faith. Interpretation of Trinity, adding filioque led to East-West Schism. Nicaea.

Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Nicephorus II Phocas. 912-69. Byzantine Emperor 963-. Resurgence of Byzantine power.

Nicholas, St. 4C. Patron Saint of children, sailors, Russia.

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