Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Nicholas I. 1841-1921. Prince/King of Montenegro 1860-. Opposed union with Serbia. Deposed 1918.

Nicholas II. 1868-1918. Last Russian Czar 1894-. Russo-Japanese War 1904. 1905 Revolution. Duma. Shot during 1917 revolution.

Nicholas V. 1397-1455. Pope 1447-. Founded Vatican library.

Nicholas of Cusa. 1401-64. German. Proposed heliocentricity, calendar reform 1429. De Docta Ignorantia 1440. “A learned man is one who is aware of his own ignorance.”

Nicholas of Flue, St. 1417-87. Model of compromise, reunited Swiss, 1481.

Nicias. -413BC. Athenian commander. Syracuse siege.

Nicias, Peace. 421BC. Pause in Peloponnesian War.

Nicodemus. Jewish elder. Helped bury Jesus.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Nicot, Jean. 1530-1600. French diplomat who first imported tobacco 1550.

Niemeyer, Oscar. 1907-. Brazilian architect: Brasilia.

Niemöller, Martin. 1892-1984. German theologian. Opposed Nazis.

Niepce, Nicéphore. 1765-1833. French. First permanent photographic image 1826.

Nietzche, Friedrich. 1844-1900. German philosopher. Superman doctrine. Survival of fittest. Thus Spake Zarathustra 1883-92. Will to Power influenced Fascists.

Niger. Tuareg. 7C Songhai Empire(W). 10C Berber(E). 16C Bornu Empire(SE). 17C Djerma/ Tuareg. 18C Sokoto kingdom. c1900 «French West Africa 1960 Independent.

Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Night of the Long Knives. 1934. Hitler’s SS murder 77+ Nazi opponents and others.

Nightingale, Florence. 1820-1910. English pioneer of nursing in Crimean War. “The lady with the lamp.”

Nihilistm. 19C Russian philosophy of skepticism associated with disheveled revolutionaries. Utilitarianism and rationalism.

Nijinsky, Vaslaw. 1890-1950. Russian ballet dancer of Diaghilev Company.

Nijmegen, Treaties. 1678-9. Ended Dutch Wars.

Nika Riot. 532. Constantinople. Revolt vs Emperor Justinian. 30,000 executed.

Nike. Greek winged goddess of victory.

Nikolsburg, Treaty. 1621. Austria regained Hungarian crown, Transylvania enlarged.

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