Durand Line. 1893. Divided Afghanistan from British India.

Dürer, Albrecht. 1471-1528. German painter, pioneer engraver. Apocalypse 1498. Grand Passion 1501. St Jerome 1513. 4 Apostles 1526.

Empire. Style of Art. 1804-14. Classical heroic grandiose trend from Napoleon’s court. Arc de Triomphe, 1806.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Finland. 7C Finns settle, displace Lapps. 1157 Sweden. 1809 Grand Duchy of Russia. 1919 Indepependent republic.

Freemasons. Secret fraternal organization based on guilds, chivalry, religious orders. 1717 London Grand Lodge.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Grand Army of the Republic. 1866-1956. Political organization of American Civil War veterans.

Grand Canal. 4C BC-1400. China. World’s longest, 1,000 miles.

Grand Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition in Paris.

Grand Remonstrance. 1641. Grievances presented to Charles I by Long Parliament.

Grande Armée. 1805-12. Napoleon’s 1,000,000 man army; combined smaller armies for central control.

Grande Gallery of Louvre. Longest gallery in the world, 300m.

Grandee. 13C-. Highest rank of Spanish nobility.

Grandfather Clause. -1915. S US states limited vote to those enfranchised by 1866/7.

Grands-Augustins, Quai de. 1313. Oldest quay in Paris, by Philip the Fair.

Grands Rhétoriqueurs. 15-16C. French poets. Deschamps, DeMachaut.

Gregory VII (Hildebrand), St. 1020-85. Pope 1073-. Condemned lay investiture 1075. Henry IV appoints Anti-Pope Clement III, attacked Rome, 1081-3.

Guesclin, Bertrand du. c1320-80. French military leader, 100 Years’ War. Expelled English from France.

Hearst, Wm Randolph. 1863-1951. US newspaper giant: San Francisco Examiner.

Henry IV. 1050-1106. Holy Roman Emperor, 1056-. Civil War. Struggles with Gregory VII led to excommunication. Worms Synod. Clement III.

Hildebrandt, Johann von. 1668-1745. Austrian Baroque architect. Belvedere Palace 1700.

Hofer, Andreas. 1767-1810. Austrian. Led peasant rebellions vs French and Bavarians 1809-10.

Ingres, Dominique. 1780-1867. French classical painter: Grande Odalisque 1814. Turkish Bath 1860.

Investiture Controversy. 1075-1122. Gregory VII abolished Holy Roman Emperor’s power to invest bishops. Led to war with Henry IV. Concordat of Worms.

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