Communism. Collective ownership of property and industry. Wealth shared according to need. Eventually, “dictatorship of proletariat”.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Compte Rendu. 1781. Necker reveals pitiful state of French finances.

Concentration Camps. 1862-65 USA. 1899-1902. British internment of Boers in South Africa. 1922-91. USSR. 1933-45 Nazi prisons for extermination and slave labour. Buchenwald. Auschwitz. Dachau. 1942-6 US Relocation Centers. 1942-46 Canada. 1950’s Kenya. 1973 Chile.

Condorcet, Marquis de. 1743-94. French philosopher. Perfectibility of mankind.

Congo. 1482 Portugal explore. 1880 French settle(N). 1885 Belgium(S). 1910 «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent. 1971 =Zaire. 1997 =Democratic Republic of Congo. Mobutu.

Conquillards. Jargon language. Villon.

Conquistadors. Spanish conquerors in America.

Conscription. 1793. Carnot devised first compulsory military service for France. Used in Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin. 1767-1830. Swiss/French author. Adolphe.

Consulate. 1799-1804. Napoleon’s military triumvirate after Directory overthrown.

Continental System. 1806-12. Napoleon’s European embargo vs Britain. Russian refusal led to 1812 Campaign. British retaliation led to Anglo-American War 1812.

Copland, Aaron. 1900-90. US composer blending Jewish, folk, jazz, and Latin influences into a popular style. Experimented with serial techniques.

Copyright ©. 1518 Pynson, king’s printer. 1710 Britain. Copyright Act. 1789 Ramsey in US. 1831 US Act. 1838 International. 1886 Berne Convention. 1952 Universal Copyright Convention. 1988 US joins Berne. 1998 US Digital Millenium Copyright Act.

Corinth. 1350BC “Founded by Sisyphus”. 243BC Achaean League. 146 Rome destroys, rebuilds 46BC. Byzantine. 1458 Ottoman. 1687 Venice. 1715 Ottoman 1822 Greece.

Corregio. 1494-1534. Italian painter. Anticipated Baroque Style. Virgin and St. Francis 1515. Adoration 1530. Leda and Swans 1531.

Cortes, Hernan. 1485-1547. Castillian captain, conquered Mexico,1519-21.

Côte d’Ivoire. Ivory Coast.

Coué, Émile. 1857-1926. French Positivist psychotherapist. Autosuggestion. “Every day and in every way I am getting better and better.” 1920.

Count. Continental title, equivalent to Earl.

Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion. 1746-. Methodist Calvinistic sect.

Count’s War. 1533-36. Danish war of succession. Confirmed Protestant Reformation and hereditary succession.

Coup d’État. Overthrow of existing government by force.

Couperin. 17-18C French family of Baroque composers.

Couperin, François. 1668-1733. French Baroque keyboard composer. Concerts Royeaux, Leçons de Ténebres 1714.

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