Courbet, Gustave. 1819-77. French Realist painter, socialist activist. Commune. The Artist’s Studio 1855.

Cousteau, Jacques. 1910-97. French underwater explorer.

Cranmer, Thomas. 1489-1556. First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. Executed by Queen Mary.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crassus, Marcus. c115-53BC. First Roman triumvirate member. Suppressed Spartacus’ slave revolt.

Creon. Oedipus’ uncle. King of Thebes. Killed Antigone.

Crichton, James “The Admirable”. 1560-82. Scottish adventurer/scholar.

Cripps Mission. 1942. British attempt to negotiate India’s aid in WWII.

Croker, JW. 1833. Coined ’Conservative’ for Tory.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Culpeper’s Rebellion. 1677-79. Carolina colonists vs England. Establish their own government.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

Cumberland, Richard. 1631-1718. Philosopher, “father” of English Utilitarianism.

Cyrano de Bergerac. 1619-65. French large nosed satirical writer. La Mort d’Agrippine 1654.

Czechoslovakia. 1918 Formed in breakup of Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1920 Little Entente. 1938 -Sudetenland. 1939-45 German occupation. 1949 People’s Democratic Republic. 1968 Prague Spring. 1991 Republic. 1993 Split into Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Dada. Anarchistic, deliberately shocking “non-art” begun in Zurich, 1916. Led to Surrealism. Arp. Duchamp. Ernst.

Daguerre, Jacques. 1789-1851. French inventor of Daguerrotype photographic process 1837.

Dalhousie, First Marquess. 1812-60. British Governor General of India 1847-56. Annexed Punjab, 1849, Rangoon, Burma. Built railway, telegraph. Lapse doctrine caused Indian Mutiny.

Dalou, Jules. 1838-1902. French Baroque sculptor of public monuments.

Damascus. c2500BC. World’s oldest continuously inhabited city. Syria.

Damiens, Robert-François. 1715-1757. Stabbed Louis XV. Quartered.

Damocles. 4C BC. Dionysius suspended a sword by a single hair over his head at a banquet.

Damon and Pythias. Syracuse true friends. Damon pledged his life for Pythias’, awaiting execution.

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