Scopas. 4C BC. Sculptor at Mausoleum, Temple of Artemis.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Scott, Robert. 1868-1912. English Antarctic explorer. Died returning from the South Pole.

Seaborg, Glenn. 1912-99. US chemist. Isolated plutonium, Atom bomb ingredient.

Seebeck, Thomas. 1770-1831. Russian. Invented thermocouple, 1822.

Senate. 509BC. Roman governing body. 401BC Plebians admitted. 44BC lost most power to Caesar.

Senegal. Wolof, Fulani, Serer, Tukulor. 1406 Bettencourt explored. 15C Portugal. 1626 French settle. 1895 French colony. 1959 +Sudanese Republic=Mali Federation. 1960 -Mali=Independent republic.

Serbia. 7C Serbs. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Nemanya unites. 1389 Ottoman. 1830 Autonomous Russian protectorate. 1878 Independent. 1882 Kingdom. 1913 +N Macedonia. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1946 People’s Republic of Yuguslavia. 1992 +Montenegro =Yugoslavia. Kosovo.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Pyramids 4700-2160BC. Mausolus Tomb 353BC. Artemis Temple at Ephesus c550BC. Hanging Gardens of Babylon 600BC. Colossus of Rhodes 280BC. Zeus Statue at Olympia 450BC. Lighthouse at Alexandria c282BC.

Shackleton, Ernest. 1874-1922. British Antarctic explorer.

Shakespeare, William. 1564-1616. English dramatic poet. Master of language, characters, perception.Titus Andronicus c1593. Romeo and Juliet c1594. Hamlet c1602. Othello c1604. King Lear c1606. Lover’s Complaint c1609. Sonnets 1609. Tempest 1611.

Shapley, Harlow. 1885-1972. US astronomer. Measured Milky Way.

Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1906-75. Russian. Composed complex profound intense personal works. Rebuked by Stalin. Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk 1934.

Siberia. 13C Mongol(S)...Golden Horde(W)/ Yüan(E). 1483 Russia explores. 1581 Khanate overthrown. 1689 Russo-Chinese border settled. 1891-1905 Trans-Siberian Railway.

Sicily. c1100BC Sicans. Sicels. Mycenaean. 7C BC Phoenicia(W)/ Gr(E). 241BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 6C Byzantine. 827 Saracen. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Naples. 1197 Hohenstaufen. 1266-82 France. 1302 Aragon. 1443 +Naples=Two Sicilies. 1860 Italy.

Siloé, Diego de. c1495-1563. Spanish Renaissance sculptor, Plateresque architect. Granada Cathedral.

Slater, Samuel. 1768-1835. English/US. First American textile factory. Duplicated Arkwright spinning machines 1793.

Slavs. Asian peoples. c2500BC migrated to eastern Europe. 5-6C to Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Balkans.

Slovenia. Balkans. 6C Slovenes settle. 748 Franks dominate. 9C Franks split...German kingdom. 1335 Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Smith, Adam. 1723-1790. Scottish economist. Doctrine of free exchange. Natural law of supply and demand. Wealth of Nations 1776. -“Labour is source of all wealth”.

Socialist Party. 1901-30. US party advocating socialism based on earlier Social Democratic and Social Labor (1876) Parties. Ideas applied to New Deal.

Solomon. King of Israel c973-933BC. First Temple at Jerusalem. Biblical writings. Known for wisdom.

Sonnino, Sidney. 1847-1922. Italian diplomat. Encouraged Italy into WWI. Treaty of London.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Speke, John. 1827-64. British explorer. Discovered Lake Victoria.

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