Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Rommel, Erwin. 1891-1944. German WWII Field Marshal in Africa 1941-3, France 1944. “Desert Fox”. Plotted vs Hitler. Suicide.

Ronsard, Pierre de. 1524-85. French Pléiade poet. Odes 1550. Amours 1552. Franciade 1572.

Roses, War of. 1455-85. York (white) vs Lancaster (red) for English throne. Lancaster rule ended. Henry VII (Tudor/Lancaster) married Elizabeth (York). Bosworth Field. Plantagenet.

Roth, Philip. 1933-. US novelist Goodbye Columbus 1959. Portnoy’s Complaint 1969.

Round Table Conference. 1930-32. Established federal system, provincial autonomy in India; not implemented.

Roundhead. Derisory term applied to Parliamentarians during English Civil War.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Rowley, William. 1585-1642. English actor, playwright. All’s Lost by Lust 1619.

Ruffo, Fabrizio. 1744-1827. Cardinal. Led successfull rebellion vs Napoleon in Naples, 1799.

Runes. 3-16/17C. Alphabet used by German peoples; origin unknown.

Russell, Bertrand. 1872-1970. English mathematician, liberal philosopher, logician, pacifist. Believed in human reason. Founded CND. Principles of Mathematics 1910-13. History of Western Philosophy 1945.

Russell, William. 1639-83. English Whig. Executed, then acquitted for Rye House Plot.

Russian Social Democratic Party. 1898. Split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 1903.

Rye House Plot. 1683. Failed plot to kill Charles II and Duke of York.

Sabbatal, Zevi. 1626-76. Jewish mystic. Failed march on Constantinople.

Sachs, Hans. 1494-1576. German shoemaker/poet, composed songs of commonplace.

Salisbury, Third Marquess. 1830-1903. British Imperialist Prime Minister 1885~1902. Fashoda. Boer War. Splendid Isolation.

Samoa. Melanesians. 1722 Dutch explore. 1830 British settle. 1856 German trade. 1899 Germany(W)/ USA(E) becomes Western Samoa, American Samoa.

Samos. Greek island birthplace of Pythagoras.

Sandburg, Carl. 1878-1967. US poet of the people. Chicago 1914.

Santos-Dumont, Alberto. 1873-1932. Brazilian aviator in Europe, 1906. Monoplanes 1909.

Saxons. 5C. Germanic people colonized France, England. 8C Widerkind defeated by Charlemagne on continent.

Schlieffen Plan. 1905 German military strategy to conquer France. Failed in WWI but succeeded in WWII.

Schuman, Robert. 1886-1963. French Prime Minister 1947-8. 1950 plan to pool European resources led to EEC.

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