Nuremberg Eggs. 1510. First watches-by Peter Henlein.

Odeon. Athenian place of music and poetry competition. Parisian theater 1728.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Pérugini, Pietro le. 1445-1523. Italian painter. Taught Raphael. St. Peter and Keys 1482 (Sistine Chapel).

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peter, St. -64. Leader of Jesus’ disciples. First pope. Crucified upside-down by Nero.

Peter I. The Great. 1672-1725. Czar of Russia. Created navy. Defeated Sweden 1709. Founded St. Petersburg.

Peter II. 1923-70. King of Yugoslavia 1934-45. Deposed in exile by Tito.

Peter III. 1728-62. Czar 1762. Overthrown by wife Catherine the Great.

Peter the Hermit. 1050-1115. French. Led ill-equipped army in First Crusade.

Peterhouse. 1284. First Cambridge college.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Peter’s Pence. Tithe paid to papacy.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Peterskirche. 13C. Zurich church with world’s largest clock face, 28.5 feet.

Petit Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition. Paris Museum of Fine Arts.

Petit Pont. 1852. Bridge across Seine at site of original Roman crossing.

Petition of Rights. 1628. Accepted by Charles I, limiting British monarch’s powers.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Petrarch. 1304-74. Italian humanist author, lyric poet, philosopher. To Laura 1366. Dialogue with St. Augustine.

Petrie, Flinders. 1853-1942. British archeologist. Sequential dating method.

Petronius, Caius. -66 Roman satirist in Nero’s court. Satyricon.

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