Nash, Ogden. 1902-71. US humorist poet. One Touch of Venus 1943. “Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker.”

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Ne Win, U. 1911 Burmese junta leader, 1962-81.

Neoplatonism. 3C Plotinus’ philosophy of the “One”. Union with the “Good” by using intelligence.

Nernst, Walther. 1864-1941. German scientist: Third law of thermodynamics. Physical chemistry.

Neruda, Pablo. 1904-73. Chilean surrealist poet. A New Decade

New Amsterdam. 1624-64 Dutch settlement. = Manhattan.

New Hebrides. Melanesians, Polynesians. 1606 de Quiros discovers. 1768 Bougainville rediscovers. 1774 Cook charts. 1887 Joint French/English admin. 1980 -Vanuatu.

Newfoundland. Beothuk, Inuit. 10C Norse discover. 1497 Cabot rediscovers. 1583 Britain claims. 17-18C British, French dispute. 1713 British sovereignty recognized. 1855 Self-governing. 1934 Crown Colony. 1949 Canadian province.

Niger. Tuareg. 7C Songhai Empire(W). 10C Berber(E). 16C Bornu Empire(SE). 17C Djerma/ Tuareg. 18C Sokoto kingdom. c1900 «French West Africa 1960 Independent.

Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Nightingale, Florence. 1820-1910. English pioneer of nursing in Crimean War. “The lady with the lamp.”

Nobel Prize. Nobel legacy funded. Peace Prize and prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature. 1969 +Economics. . Declined: Le Duc Tho, Pasternak, Sartre.

Nubia. 8C BC-c300 AD. NE African kingdom conquered Egypt. Sudan.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. 1968. USSR, US, UK, +59 others. Effective 1970.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Nufer, Jacob. c1500. First successful Caesarian section on living mother.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

Numa Pompilius. c715-673BC. Second king of Rome. Organized the ceremony of state.

Numidia. 3C BC-428. Country in N Africa. 46BC Rome. 428 Vandal. ≈Algeria.

Nuñez, Rafael. 1825-94. Colombian President. 1880~ dictator.

Nuremberg Eggs. 1510. First watches-by Peter Henlein.

Nuremberg Laws. 1935. German Jews lose citizenship and rights.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

Nuremberg Trials. 1945-6. Trials of 22 Nazi leaders for crimes in WWII. 12 death sentences.

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