Ranjit Singh. 1780-1839. Maharaja of Punjab. Founded Sikh kingdom in N India.

Rankin, Jeanette. 1880-1973. First US Congresswoman. 1917-9, 1941-3. Only vote against declaring war on Japan. WWII.

Reform Bills. England. 1832: Russell redistributes Parliamentary seats, enfranchises renters. 1867: Disraeli enfranchises workers in towns. 1884: Gladstone enfranchises agricultural workers. Representation of People Acts.

Reformation. 16C religious movement against practices of Roman Catholic church led to founding of Protestant churches. Luther. Calvin. Knox. Zwingli. Henry VIII.

Reuchlin, Johannes. 1455-1522. German. Christian. Created Hebrew grammar.

Right Opposition. 1928-29. Communists opponents of Stalin within Central Committee.

Rosetta Stone. 196BC Multilingual stone used by Champollion to decipher hieroglyphics 1821.

Rough Riders. 1898. US volunteer cavalry in Spanish American War under Roosevelt. Won San Juan hill.

Ruskin, John. 1819-1900. English writer and Pre-Raphaelite art critic. Social reformer.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

Saionji Kimmochi, Prince. 1849-1940. Japanese Prime Minister 1901~12. Tried to moderate militarism.

San Jacinto, Battle. 1836. Mexican defeat means Texas indepence. Mexican War.

San Juan Boundary Dispute. 1846-72. Britain/US. San Juan islands to US.

San Juan Hill, Battle. 1898. Part of Battle of Santiago. US defeat Spain in Cuba. Roosevelt. Rough Riders.

San Martin, José de. 1778-1850. South American independence leader with Bolivar vs Spain in Argentina, Chile, Peru.

Santa Anna, Antonio de. 1794-1876. Mexican general, president 1833~47. Defeated at San Jacinto, Mexican War.

Schein, Johann. 1586-1630. Reformation composer. Introduced Italian Baroque to German music.

Secret Speech. 1956. Khrushchev call for destalinization in USSR leads to Hungarian, Polish uprisings.

Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1906-75. Russian. Composed complex profound intense personal works. Rebuked by Stalin. Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk 1934.

Sigurdsson, Jon. 1811-79. Icelandic statesman. Led self-government movement.

Sikh Wars. 1845-6 Sikhs invade India, British take Kashmir. 1848-9 Sikh revolt, Britain takes Punjab.

Simpson, James. 1811-70. British obstetrician. Chloroform, 1847.

Skelton, John. c1460-1529. English satirical poet. Tutor, adviser to Henry VIII.

Slansky Trial. 1952. Jewish Czech communists purged during Stalin anti-semitism. Those executed were restored to party membership 1968.

Smithson, James. 1765-1829. English scientist. Left fortune to found Smithsonian Institution.

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