Hoxha, Enver. 1908-85. Albanian Marxist-Leninist dicatator 1944-.

Hypatia. c370-415. Alexandrian Neoplatonic philosopher. Murdered by St. Cyril and monks. Decline of Alexandria as learning center.

Indian Independence Act. 1947. Freed and partitioned India/Pakistan.

Inductive Reasoning. Baconian. Truth is induced from a mass of observed facts.

Intolerable Acts. 1774. British response to Boston Tea Party, Gaspee burning. Closed Boston Harbor. Established military government. Midwest under Quebec rule...Continental Congress.

Iron Curtain. 1946. Churchill’s name for Russia’s increasing influence in Eastern Europe. Dining à la Russe refers to carving being done behind an iron screen.

Isolationism. 19C-1916. US foreign policy of noninvolvement in foreign affairs.

Janus. Roman god with two faces to guard doorways, beginnings and endings.

Jennings, Jane. Canadian author. Pocket Guide to World History 1986-2009.

Jennings, Peter. 1950-. British author/inventor. Microchess 1976. Visidex 1980. Pocket History 1986-2009. MagicNotch 1990.

Jennings, Sarah. 1660-1744. Influential Duchess of Marlborough in court of Queen Anne.

Justinian. 483-565. Eastern Roman Emperor, conquered Africa and Italy. Codified Roman law 529. Closed all non-Christian schools, beginning Dark Ages. Nika Riot. Corpus Juris Civilis. Hagia Sophia. Digest 553. Ulpian.

Kalinin, Mikhail. 1875-1946. Soviet Head of State, 1919-46.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

Kennedy, Robert. 1925-68. US attorney-general 1961-4. Assassinated while running for presidential nomination.

Kiribati. Micronesians, Polynesians. 16C Spanish visit. 1892 British protectorate. 1915 British colony = Gilbert and Ellice Is. 1976 -Ellice Is. 1977 Self-governing. 1979 Independent republic = Kiribati.

Leaning Tower. 1174-1350. Pisa cathedral bell tower.

Lenin, Vladimir Illyich. 1870-1924. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary. Dictator 1917-. Created authoritarian, elite, disciplined organization.

Leningrad. St Petersburg.

Leningrad, Siege. 1941-44. By Germans. Unsuccessful. 1M died.

Leningrad Affair. 1948. Purge of Zhdanov associates by Stalin.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Lusitania. 1915. British passenger ship sunk by German U-boat. Led to US joining WWI. 1198 lost.

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