Man in the Iron Mask. Anonymous Bastille prisoner 1698-1703.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Manin, Daniele. 1804-57. Risorgimento leader. Venetian Republic president 1848-9.

Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Marston Moor, Battle. 1644. English Civil War turning point. Cromwell defeats Rupert.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Midway, Battle. 1942. US navy defeats Japan. WWII turning point.

Miranda Decision. 1966. US Supreme Court protects rights vs self-incrimination. Required police warning, “You have the right to remain silent...”.

Missouri Comromise. 1820-54. Simultaneous admission to US of Maine, Missouri, maintaining balance of free, slave states.

Modigliani, Amadeo. 1884-1920. Italian/French artist. Elongated necks and simplified figures. Head 1911-12. Recining Nude 1919.

Molly Maguires. 1835-55 Irish anti-landlord society. 1862-77 Irish terrorists in PA coal mining area.

Moore, Henry. 1898-1986. English semi-abstract organic sculptor. Mother and Child 1924. Reclining Figure 1951.

Moscow Olympics. 1980. Boycotted by Western nations opposed to Afghanistan invasion.

Mukden Incident. 1931. Japan takes over Manchuria on pretext of attempted railway sabotage.

Muses. Nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne that preside over the areas of knowledge: Calliope-epics, Clio-history, Erato-love poems, Thalia-comedy, Melpomene- tragedy, Terpsichore-dance, Euterpe-music, Polyhymnia-sacred poems, Urania-astronomy.

Nabu. Assyrian/Babylonian god of learning and writing.

National Communism. Means of attaining communism are dictated by conditions in each country. Tito.

Naturalism. 20C Philosophy explaining all in scientific terms, rejecting supernatural.

Newfoundland. Beothuk, Inuit. 10C Norse discover. 1497 Cabot rediscovers. 1583 Britain claims. 17-18C British, French dispute. 1713 British sovereignty recognized. 1855 Self-governing. 1934 Crown Colony. 1949 Canadian province.

Nin, Anaïs. 1903-77. US writer. Under a Glass Bell 1944.

Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

Ninety-five Theses. 1517. Document Luther nailed to Wittenburg church door. Began Reformation.

Nineveh. c6500BC. Capital of Assyrian Empire 700-612BC.

Normandy Invasion. 1944. Eisenhower’s D-Day assault of Allies on German-occupied France. WWII turning point.

Notre-Dame. 12-13C School of early polyphonic music. Léonin.

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