Perseus. Slew Medusa with gods’ weapons. Married Andromeda.

Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Phalangists. 1936-2000 Militant Maronites vs Moslems in Lebanese Civil War.

Philip I. The Handsome. 1478-1506. King of Castile 1504-. Established Spanish Hapsburg line by marrying daughter of Ferdinand II.

Philip II. 1527-98. Spanish king. Revolt, 1579. Married Mary I of England. Sent Armada against Elizabeth I, 1588. Counter-Reformation champion.

Philippi, Battle. 42BC. Antony and Octavian beat republicans Brutus and Cassius.

Philippines. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1565 Spanish conquer. 1762-64 British occupy. 1898 US. 1935 Commonwealth. 1941-11 Japan occupies. 1946 Republic. 1973 Marcos dictator. 1986 Democracy. MacArthur.

Pickford, Mary. 1893-1979. Canadian/US silent film actress.

Pinzón, Martín. c1441-93. Commanded Columbus’ Pinta.

Pissarro, Camille. 1830-1903. French Impressionist painter of street scenes. Boulevard Montmartre 1897.

Plimsoll, Samuel. 1824-98. English reformer. Defined ship loading mark.

Pocahontas. c1595-1617. American Indian friend of colonists. Saved John Smith, married Rolfe.

Poisons Affair. 1679. French scandal. Nobles using love potions and poisons from fortune tellers. Mme de Montespan implicated. La Voisin. Brinvilliers.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Pollaiuolo, Antonio del. 1431/2-98. Florentine bronze sculptor, painter. Pioneered dissection in anatomy. Hercules and Antaeus 1470s. Martyrdom of St. Sebastian 1475.

Polo, Marco. c1254-1324. Venetian traveller to China 1275-92.Travels of Marco Polo 1298.

Pombal, Marquês de. 1699-1782. Portuguese. Led reconstruction after 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

Pompey. 106-48BC. Roman triumvir with Caesar and Crassus; defeated by Caesar.

Porte St-Martin. Paris. 1674. Commemorates the capture of Besançon.

Potemkin, Grigori. 1739-91. Russian Field Marshal. Supported Catherine II.

Powhatan War. 1622-44. Indians attack settlers in Virgina, Maryland. Reprisals nearly wipe out tribe.

Pragmatic Sanction. 1713. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI declares Maria Theresa as heir causing War of Austrian Succession.

Pretorius, Marthinus. 1819-1901. First president of South African Republic 1857-71, president. Orange Free State 1859-64.

Privateers. 13-19C. Pirates licensed by letters of marque to plunder enemy vessels. Drake. Hawkins.

Proletariat. Marxist term for those who live by the sale of their labour. Bourgeoisie.

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