Socialism, Utopian. Saint-Simon’s concept of government redistributing wealth according to capacity and performance.

Solferino, Battle. 1859. Victor-Emmanuel gains Lombardy during Risorgimento. Carnage leads to Red Cross.

Solidarity. 1980. Polish workers movement led by Walesa. Martial Law 1981-83. Democratic elections 1989.

Solon. 630-560BC. Athenian democratic lawgiver, poet. Equality of all citizens before the law. Trial by jury. -“Call no man happy until he is dead.”

Somalia. 1960 Independent union of British Somaliland + Italian Somaliland.

Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

Sonnino, Sidney. 1847-1922. Italian diplomat. Encouraged Italy into WWI. Treaty of London.

Soufflot, Germain. 1713-80. Protégé of Marigny. Architect of the Panthéon c1757-90.

Soul. Immaterial essence of man. Recognized by most cultures, but in varying forms.

Sousa, John Philip. 1854-1932. US march composer.

Sousa, Martin de. 1500-64. First Portuguese colony in Brazil 1532.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South West Africa. German South-West Africa. Namibia.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spanish American War. 1898. US supports Cuban rebellion vs Spain. Gains Cuba, Guam, Philippines for $20M, Puerto Rico. Roosevelt. Maine.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Spanish Main. 16C. Buccaneer haven. North coast of South America.

Spanish March. 801. Charlemagne in northeast Spain.

Spanish Marriages, Affair of. 1846. Isabella’s sister, heir marries French prince, despite Spanish assurances, causing English/French rift.

Spanish Sahara. 1884 Protectorate. 1958 Spanish province. 1976 Mauritania/Morocco. Western Sahara.

Spanish Succession, War. 1701-14. Britain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs Spain, France. Opposed French Philip V succession to Spanish throne creating power imbalance. Queen Anne’s War.

Spartacus. -71BC. Leader of slaves revolt against Rome 73BC. Defeated and killed by Crassus. Servile War.

Spartacus League. 1914-19. Forerunner of German Communist Party. Leaders executed after 1919 uprising.

Spener, Philipp. 1635-1705. German founder of Pietism.

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