Spengler, Oswald. 1880-1936. German historian of cultural cycles: Decline of the West 1918-22.

Speyer, Diet. 1526,1529. Luther’s protest against the church’s intolerance of Reformers.

Sphynx. Greek mythical creature with lion’s body, human head. Killed who could not solve riddle. Earliest known 2550BC.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus. = The Senate and People of Rome.

Ssu-ma Ch’ien. 145-85BC. First great Chinese historian.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. 1572. Catherine de Medici has 2000 Huguenots killed by Charles IX.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

St-Germain, Comte de. 1707-84. Won favour of Europe’s courts with “elixir of long life”.

St-Germain, Treaty. 1570 French Wars of Religion. 1919 Created Republic of Austria.

St-Germain-des-Prés. Paris church. 990-1021 on the site of 542 monastery by Childebert.

St-Germain-L’Auxerrois. 13-15C. Church by Louvre gave signal for Massacre of St-Bartholomew.

St John, Henry. 1678-1751. British statesman, writer.

St Mark’s. (San Marco) 832. Venice. Built to house remains of St Mark. Rebuilt 1071.

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stahl, Georg. 1660-1734. German chemist. Animalism-soul controls bodily functions. Theory of Combustion 1702.

Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Standish, Myles. 1584-1656. English Mayflower colonist. Led Plymouth colony.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. 1815-1902. US suffrage leader. First woman’s rights convention 1848. Mott.

Starhemberg, Ernst von. 1638-1701. Austrian Field Marshal. Defended Vienna vs Turks 1683.

Stasi.1949-1990. East German secret police affiliated with KGB.

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