Abd ar-Rahman I. 731-788. Umayyad emir of Cordoba, 755-. Repelled Charlemagne.

Academia Palatina. 9C school founded by Charlemagne.

Alcuin. c735-804. English Counselor to Charlemagne. Set up monastic education system in Europe.

Alemanni. 3-6C. Confederation of Germanic tribes in Swabia defeated by Clovis, 496.

Alsace-Lorraine. Iron rich region along Rhine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Alemanni. 496 Franks. 870 German. 1648(A)/1766(L) French 1871 Prussia. 1919 France 1940 Germany. 1945 France.

Andorra. Ibericbasc. Greeks/Carthaginians/Romans/Visigoths 8C Muslim. 803 Charlemagne. 1133 Bishop of Urgell. 1159 Fiefdom of Foix. 1278- Principality under joint French, Spanish suzerainty. 1993 Constitution. Coprincipality.

Appeasement Policy. 1937-9. British yield to Nazi demands in hope of maintaining peace. Munich Agreement. Gentleman’s Agreement.

Austria. 400BC Celts. 15BC Rome. 5-7C Huns, Avars ravage. 6C Slovenes settle 8C Charlemagne. 9C Magyar. 955 Otto I...962 HRE. 976 Babenberg(E). 1278 Hapsburg. 1453 Archduchy. 1804 Austrian Empire. 1867 Ausgleich. 1918 Republic. 1938 Germany. 1945 Republic. 1955 Independence from Allies.

Avars. 6-8C. Nomadic Caucasus tribe defeated by Charlemagne.

Bavaria. Celts. 15BC Rome. 488 Germanic tribes. 555 Franks. 788 Charlemagne...817 E Franks. 10C Duchy in HRE. 1180 Wittelsbach. 1805 Kingdom. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Republic. 1919 Weimar Republic. 1933 Germany. 1949 W Germany.

Bertha of the Big Foot. -783. Mother of Charlemagne.

Carloman. 751-771. Charlemagne’s brother and co-ruler.

Carolingians. French dynasty 751-987. Merovingians. Charlemagne. Holy Roman Empire.

Castiglione, Baldassare. 1478-1529. Italian writer. Ideal court gentleman. Il Cortigiano 1528.

Catalonia. Iberians. Colonized by Phoenicia, Greece, Carthage. c200BC Rome. 5C Goths. 712 Moors. c788 Charlemagne. 1137 +Aragon. 1932 Autonomous. 1939 Spain.

Charlemagne. c742-814. King of France 768-. Restored Western Roman Empire, 800.

Charles I. c742-814. King of France. = Charlemagne.

Charles Martel. The Hammer. 685-741. Unified Franks. Poitiers victory. Charlemagne’s grandfather.

Desiderius. Last Lombard king 757-74. Defeated by Charlemagne.

Einhard. c770-840. Frankish historian. Life of Charlemagne c830.

Empire of the West. 800-. State founded by Charlemagne, continued to 1806 as the Holy Roman Empire. Succeeded Roman Emperor of the West. Split Eastern kingdoms.

Fénelon, François. 1651-1715. French theologian. Quietism 1696. Telemachus 1698.

LaBarre, Jean. 1747-66. French nobleman, beheaded for mutilating a crucifix.

La Trémoille, Georges de. 1382-1446. French nobleman. Obstructed Joan of Arc.

Lemaître, Georges. 1894-1966. Belgian cosmologist. Big Bang theory of creation 1927.

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