Leo III, St. -816. Pope 795-. Crowned Charlemagne recreating Western Roman Empire.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Little Masters. Engravers influenced by Durer. Behem.

Lombardy. 5C BC Celt. c200BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 568 Lombards. 774 Charlemagne. 9C Independent towns. 962 HRE. 12C L League. 1337 Milan. 1535 Spain 1713 Austria. 1796 French republic. 1814 Austria. 1859 Italy.

Louis I. 778-840. Charlemagne’s son. Last Emperor of unified Carolingian Empire 814~. Twice deposed and restored.

Mentor. Greek tutor of Telemachus, Odysseus’ son.

Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

Pavia, Siege. 773-4. Charlemagne defeats Lombards.

Pepin the Short. c714-68. First Carolingian king of France 751-. Charlemagne’s father. Donation of Pepin.

Roland. -778. Count of Brittany. Officer of Charlemagne, immortalized in song by Turold, c1100.

Rome. 753BC Legendary founding by Romulus and Remus. 616BC Etruscan. 509BC Roman Republic. 27BC Roman Empire. 248 Empire of the West. 395 Byzantine Empire. 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed. 493 Ostrogoth. 535 Byzantine. 774 Charlemagne’s Empire of the West. 962 Holy Roman Empire. 11C Norman. 12C Hohenstaufen. 1848 Republic. 1849 Papal States. 1870 Italy. 1929 -Vatican.

Roncesvalles, Battle. 778. Charlemagne ambushed in Pyrenees. Basis for Song of Roland.

Saxons. 5C. Germanic people colonized France, England. 8C Widerkind defeated by Charlemagne on continent.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spanish March. 801. Charlemagne in northeast Spain.

Swabia. Celt. 1C Suevi. 3C +Alemanni =Swabians. c500 Franks. 1079 Hohenstaufen dynasty. 1286 Divided. 1488-1534 Swabian League.

Switzerland. Celts (Helvetii). 58BC Rome. 5C Alemanni, Burgundians. 6C Frank. 962 HRE. 1291 3 Cantons unite vs Hapsburgs. 1515- Neutral. 1648 Indepence recognized. 1815 Neutrality recogognized.

Telemachus. Greek son of Odysseus and Penelope. Mentor.

Telemann, Georg. 1681-1767. German Baroque composer of vitality, wit and color.

Tolpuddle Martyrs. 1834. 6 British farmworkers transported despite protests for union organizing.

Verona. Raeti. Etruscans. Gauls. 89BC Rome. 489 Ostrogoth. 774 Charlemagne. 1107 Republic. 1164 Veronese League...Lombard League. 1387 Milan. 1405 Venice. 1797 Austria. 1866 Italy.

Widerkind. -807. Saxon leader vs Charlemagne 778.