Iconoclasts. 726-843. Byzantines opposed use of images in Christian worship vs Iconophiles. Persecuted. Nicaea.

Idealism, Ethical. Moral and intellectual ideals are superior to materialistic concerns.

Ignatius of Constantinople, St. c799-877. Greek Catholic Iconophile.

Il-Khan. 1256-1353. Mongol dynasty in Persia.

Ile de la Cité, Paris. Originally Lutetia 250BC. Renamed by Clovis, 506, when he made it his capital.

Ile St-Louis, Paris.1627-64. Classical style buildings.

Illuminati. 16-18C. Term applied to rationalistic anticlerical Christian sects.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Inauguration Day. Jan 20. US president takes office after election.

Inca. 12-16C Peruvian empire of 12M people. 1533 Pizarro conquers.

Income Tax. Britain: 1193 Walter to ransom Richard I. 1799-1815 To finance war vs Napoleon. 10% over £200; 1842 Peel 3%. US: 1862-72 3% over $800 (5% if outside US); 1913 over $3000 only.

India. North: c2500BC Indus valley civilization. c2000BC Aryans invade. 6C Achaemenid. 5C Persia. 326 Alexander(NW). c300 Maurya Empire. 2C BC Greek, Parthian, Kushan invade. 1C AD Kushan. c320 Gupta Empire. 6C Divided. 5-15C Huns, Arabs, Persians invade 12C Moslem. 1526 Mogul. South: 3000BC Dravidian civilization. 12-13C Rashtrakutas, Cholas. 14C Moslem inv. 15C Vijayanagar Empire. 1498 daGama discovers sea route. 18C British East India Co. 1858 British Empire. 1947 Independent. 1950 Republic.

Indian Councils Act. 1909. British create an Indian representative legislature.

Indian Mutiny. 1857-9. Indian troops rebel vs British officers. Months of violence, massacres. East India Act. Ended Mogul Empire.

Indian Wars. 1794-1891. US expansion leads to native vs white conflicts.

Indulgence. 800 Pardon for sin in place of penance. Granted by church, 12C as reward to Crusaders. Sold by church, 1313-. Abuse by Leo X led to Reformation.

Indulgence, Declaration. 1662,72. Charles II grants toleration of Nonconformists. Voided by Parliament. 1687. James II suspends penal laws against Catholics causing Glorious Revolution.

Industrial Workers of the World. IWW. 1905-25. Radical militant US labour union of unskilled workers.

Inkerman, Battle. 1854. Crimean War defeat of Russians by English and French.

Innocent II. -1143. Pope 1130-. Fled Rome, 1130-8. Lateran Council.

Innocent XI. 1611-89. Pope 1676-. 4 Articles on Gallicanism, 1673.

Innocents, Massacre of. 4BC. Herod has all Bethlehem infants murdered.

Inns of Court. British apprenticeship and appointment of barristers. Temple, Lincoln 13C. Gray’s 1295. Inner 1326. Middle 1404. 1443-1876 Serjeant’s.

Inönü, Ismet. 1884-1974. Turkish military leader, Prime Minister 1923-37, 1961-5. President 1938-50.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

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