Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Instruction. 1767. Catherine the Great’s proposal for liberal humanitarian legal reform.

Instrument of Government. 1653-7. First written constitution in Europe. Established Protectorate in England. Humble Petition.

Intelligentsia. 19C. Educated middle class Russians seeking reform.

International. 1920-. Style of architecture. Glass and steel. Gropius. Le Corbusier.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

International Court of Justice. 1945-. UN appointed body to settle International disputes. World Court.

International Labour Organization. ILO. 1919- Agency of League of Nations, United Nations.

International Monetary Fund. IMF.1944. Bretton Woods. Lends money to balance foreign exchange deficits and stabilize exchange rates.

Internationale. Revolutionary song based on a poem by Pottier, 1871. Music by Degeyter.

Interregnum, Great. 1254-73. HRE without ruler between Hohenstaufen and Hapsburg dynasties.

Intolerable Acts. 1774. British response to Boston Tea Party, Gaspee burning. Closed Boston Harbor. Established military government. Midwest under Quebec rule...Continental Congress.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Investiture Controversy. 1075-1122. Gregory VII abolished Holy Roman Emperor’s power to invest bishops. Led to war with Henry IV. Concordat of Worms.

Ionia. 1000BC Greeks colonize. 546BC Cyrus. 479 Independent. 334 Alexander. 133BC Rome. 15C Ottomans destroyed cities.

Ionian School. 6C BC. Greek philosophers. Thales. Araximanedes. Diogenes. Explained phenomena in terms of physical forces.

Ionic Order. 6C BC. Greek architectural style. Fluted columns with scroll-shaped capital.

Iphigeneia. Greek daughter of Agamemnon, sacrificed to save the Achaean fleet.

Ipsus, Battle. 301BC. Antigonus’ defeat marks end of Alexander’s Empire.

Iran. (Persia). 3000BC Elamite. 9C BC Median. 549 Achaemenid emp. 330 Alexander...Seleucid. 2C BC Arsacid. 224 Sassanid. 7C Moslem. 10C Local dynasties. 11C Seljuk Turks. 13C Mongol. 1501 Safavid. 1736 Nader Shah. 1795 Kajar dynasty 19C Britain, Russia dispute. 1925 Pahlavi coup. 1935 = Iran. 1979 Islamic Revolution, Khomeini dictator. Islamic Republic.

Iraq. Mesopotamia. 1920 British mandate. 1921 Kingdom = Iraq. 1932 Independent. 1958 Arab Federation 1958 Left-wing coup, Republic. 1963 Anti-Communist coup. 1979 Hussein dictator. 1990 Kuwait Invasion.

Ireland. 400BC-100 Celts. 432 Christianity. 8-14C Norse/British invade, settle. 1002 Brian Boru. 1573 English plantations. 1801 United Kingdom. 1921 Irish Free State/Northern Ireland.

Ireland, Republic. 1921 Dominion =Irish Free State. 1937 =Eire. 1949 Republic of Ireland. 1949 leaves Commonwealth.

Irene. 752-803. Byzantine regent for Constantine VI 780-790. Deposed him...empress 797-. Iconophile.

Irgun Zvai Leumi. 1931-48. Jewish right-wing terrorist group in Palestine.

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