Orozco, José. 1883-1949. Mexican mural painter.

Ortega y Gasset, José. 1883-1955. Spanish philosopher: Terra de Nuestra Tiempo 1923. Revolt of the Masses 1929.

Páez, José. 1790-1873. Venezuelan revolutionary with Bolivar. First president 1831~43. Dictator 1861-3.

Partisans. Armed resistance in occupied territory. Yugoslav resistance under Tito, 1941-5.

Patriotic Front. 1973-9. Guerillas for black power in Rhodesia. Mugabe. Nkomo.

Paxton, Joseph. 1801-65. English architect. Crystal Palace 1851.

Peter II. 1923-70. King of Yugoslavia 1934-45. Deposed in exile by Tito.

Pilâtre de Rosier, Jean-François. 1756-85. Physician and balloonist. First ascent 1783 with Montgolfier; First free flight 1783 with d’Arlandes. Killed trying to cross Channel.

Politburo. 1917~. Soviet governing body, arm of Communist Party. Abolished by Stalin 1952-66.

Potsdam Agreement. 1945. Truman, Stalin, Attlee agree to draw up peace treaties, reduce German industrialization, restore democracy in Europe after WWII. Outlawed Nazism. Divided Germany.

Priestley, Joseph. 1733-1804. English chemist: isolated Oxygen 1774, 9 other gasses.

Pulitzer, Joseph. 1847-1911. Hungarian/US publisher. Endowed prize awarded since 1917.

Purge. 1936-8. Stalin’s trials to eliminate political rivals with fabricated charges. 3 million dead. Executions, forced labour, internal exile.

Radowitz, Joseph von. 1797-1853. Prussian. Worked for unified Germany.

Rákosi, Mátyás. 1892-1971. Stalinist Hungarian leader 1945-56. Fled before 1956 uprising.

Rakovsky, Khristian. 1873-?. Russian Communist leader. Opposed Stalin. Imprisoned 1938.

Revisionism. Criticism of tenets of Marxism by Bernstein, Tito.

Reynolds, Joshua. 1723-92. English expressive portrait painter: Mrs. Siddons. Miss Nelly 1760. Founder, Royal Academy 1768.

Right Opposition. 1928-29. Communists opponents of Stalin within Central Committee.

Rizal, José. 1861-96. Philippine writer/leader vs Spanish rule. Executed.

Rodó, José. 1872-1917. Uruguayan philosopher/writer. Ariel 1900.

Romantic. Art. Expression of emotion more important than form or reality. Delacroix. Turner.

Royce, Josiah. 1855-1916. US Idealist philosopher.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

San Martin, José de. 1778-1850. South American independence leader with Bolivar vs Spain in Argentina, Chile, Peru.

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