Tokugawa. 1603-1868. Japanese Shogun dynasty. =Edo Period. Isolationist. Genroku arts of “floating world”.

Tolkien, JRR. 1892-1973. English philologist, fantasy novelist. Lord of the Rings 1954.

Tolpuddle Martyrs. 1834. 6 British farmworkers transported despite protests for union organizing.

Tolstoy, Lev. 1828-1910. Russian historical novelist. Moralist. Occupied with social reforms; freed his serfs. Founded Christian anarchist religion. War and Peace 1863-9. Anna Karenina 1875-7.

Tong Wars. 1850-1930. US Chinese criminal feuds.

Tonga. c500BC Polynesians. 1616 Dutch explore. 1777 Cook. 1900 British protectorate. 1970 Independent.

Tonkin Resolution. 1964. Congress approves US forces in Vietnam.

Tontine. 1653-1789. Fund, first created by Tonti. Members invest for increasing annuity as others die, with the last receiving the balance.

Tonypandy Riots. 1910. Police control striking coal miners. Cavalry held in reserve by Churchill.

Torah. 5-2C BC God’s revealed teaching to Jews. Pentateuch (First 5 chapters of Old Testament). Oral Torah=Hebrew bible.

Torch, Operation. 1942-3. Anglo-US operations in French NW Africa. Vichy France calls for Axis support in Tunis.

Tordesillas, Treaties. 1494. Spain, Portugal divide colonies in America and East according to Demarcation Bull of Alexander VI. Spain west, Portugal east of 48.5°W.

Torquemada, Tomás de. 1420-98. Dominican Inquisitor General, Spain. Worst atrocities. Expelled Jews 1492.

Torres Vedras, Lines. 1808-14. Fortifications protect Portugal from French invasion.

Torun, Treaty. 1466. Poland, Teutonic Knights. Poland regains Prussia. Knights acknowledge Polish sovereignty.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Toscanini, Arturo. 1867-1957. Italian virtuoso conductor of Verdi, Beethoven.

Tostig. -1066. Brother of English Harold II. Aided William the Conqueror and Norway’s Harold III invasions of England.

Totila. -552. Ostrogoth king. Reconquered Italy.

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de. 1864- 1901. Painter of Paris nightlife. Moulin Rouge 1891.

Tours, Truce. 1444-49. Break in Hundred Years War.

Toussaint L’Ouverture, Francois. c1743-1803. Haitian rebel. Helped French expel Britain, Spain. Emancipated slaves. Established black governed French protectorate.

Townshend Act. 1767-70. Reasserted English authority in American colonies. Import duties.

Towton, Battle. 1461. York victory in War of Roses. Henry VI fled England. Edward IV took crown.

Toynbee, Arnold. 1852-83. English economist, social reformer on behalf of the working class. The Industrial Revolution 1884.

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