Louisiana Purchase. 1803. Napoleon sells Louisiana to US for $27M to finance defence budget.

Lourdes. 1858. Virgin Mary appears to Soubirous.

Louvois, Marquis de. 1639-91. Louis XIV War Minister. Reformed army. Enforced Nantes revocation. Supervised construction of Invalides, Vendôme.

Love Generation. 1960-9. Term applied to hippies who rejected past values for instant pleasures of drugs and music.

Lower Canada. 1791-1841. 1841 «Province of Canada. 1867 = Quebec.

Loyola, St. Ignatius. 1491-1556. Spanish soldier, founder of ascetic Jesuit Order, army of God working directly for the Pope. Spiritual Exercises 1548.

Lublin Union. 1569-1792. Poland and Lithuania.

Lucillius, Caius. 180-102BC. Poet. Originated Latin satire.

Luckner, Felix. 1886-1966. German naval officer. Attacked commercial vessels in WWII.

Lucretius. 99-55BC. Roman poet: De rerum natura, advocating moral truth without religious belief.

Luddites. 1811-16. Workers who destroyed machines to stop the Industrial Revolution. Led by mythical Ned Ludd.

Ludwig, King. = Louis.

Lukin, Lionel. 1742-1834. English inventor of first safe life boat 1785.

Lumière, Louis. 1864-1948. Auguste 1862-1954. French chemists, invented cinematography 1895.

Lumumba, Patrice. 1925-61. Congo independence leader. First Prime Minister of Zaire 1960-. Deposed, murdered.

Luna 2. 1959 Russian spacecraft. Hard moon landing.

Luna 9. 1966 Russian spacecraft. Soft moon landing.

Lundy’s Lane, Battle. 1814. Canada defeats US invasion. War of 1812.

Lurçat, Jean. 1892-1966. French painter, revived the art of tapestry. Apocalypse 1948.

Lusitania. 1915. British passenger ship sunk by German U-boat. Led to US joining WWI. 1198 lost.

Lusitania. Roman province ≈Portugal + west Spain.

Lutetia. Original name for Ile de la Cité, Paris, when settled in 250BC.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

Lutyens, Edwin. 1869-1944. English architect of country houses and public buildings. Fountain at Trafalgar. New Delhi Plan 1912.

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