Lutyens, Elizabeth. 1906-83. Britain’s leading 12-note composer.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Lvov, Prince Georgi. 1861-1925. Russian leader of Provisional Government, 1917.

Lycia. Mountain district of Anatolia. 43 conquered by Rome. Xanthos.

Lydia. -700BC Maeonia. 546BC Persia. 133 Rome. First coins 7C BC.

Lyell, Charles. 1797-1875. British geologist. Principles of Geology 1833. Coined terms for eras: Pliocene, Miocene, Eocene. Uniformitarianism.

Lysenko, Trofim. 1898-1976. Russian biologist. Forced outdated Lamarck genetics on Agriculture Academy holding back Russian progress.

Lysias. c445-380BC. Greek orator. Unembellished style.Against Eratosthenes 404BC.

Mabillon, Jean. 1632-1707. French Benedictine scholar. Science of diplomatics. De re diplomatica 1681.

MacAlpin. Kenneth I. -858. First King of Scots and Picts.

MacArthur, Douglas. 1880-1964. US Pacific Allied commander, WWII. Commanded Japanese occupation. Led UN forces in Korean War.

Macaulay, Thomas. 1800-59. British politician, writer. Essays 1843. History of England 1849-61 the “Whig interpretation of history”.

Macbeth. -1057. Scottish king 1040-. Killed, succeeded Duncan. Killed by Duncan’s son, Malcolm.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

MacDonald, Flora. 1722-90. Scottish Jacobite. Aided Prince Charles after Culloden defeat.

MacDonald, John A. 1815-91. Key to British North America Act, Conservative. First Prime Minister of Canada 1867~91. Pacific Railway.

MacDonald, Ramsay. 1866-1937. First British Labour Prime Minister 1924~35.

Macdonough, Thomas. 1783-1825. Defeated British in Lake Champlain naval battle 1814.

Macedonia. Greek tribes. 700BC united. 490 Persia. 479 Independent. 359 Philip. 336 Empire. Alexander. 168BC Rome...395 Byzantine Empire 6C Slav. 9C Bulgar. 11C Byzantine. 14C Ottoman. 1878 Independent. 1879 Ottoman. 1913 Greece/ Bulgaria/ Serbia. 1929 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Macedonian Wars. 214~148BC. 4 Wars vs Rome reduced Macedonia to Roman province.

Macedonianism. 360. Christian heresy. Holy Ghost subordinate to Father and Son.

Machado de Assis, Joaquim. 1839-1908. Brazilian writer. Small Winner 1881.

Machaut, Guillaume de. c1300-77. French composer of secular and church music in Ars Nova style.

Machiavelli, Niccolo. 1469-1527. Florentine amoral cynic, statesman, historian and writer. The Prince 1513. -“End justifies the means”. -“Appear virtuous, act to maintain power”.

Machu Picchu. c800 Inca city in Andes.

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