Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Rutebeuf. 13C French trouvère, poet. Le Dit de l’Herberie.

Ruthenia. 1321 Lithuania. 1772 Russ/Austria-Hungary. 1920 Czechoslovakia. 1939 Hungary. 1945 = Transcarpathian Ukraine (USSR).

Ruthenian Church. 1594- = Uniate Catholic. Slavonic Roman Catholic. 1940 Allegiance changed to Russian Orthodox.

Rutherford, Ernest. 1871-1937. NZ/English physicist. Beta rays 1899, Nuclear theory of atom1911.

Ruyter, Michiel. 1607-76. Dutch admiral defeated British in Anglo-Dutch wars.

Rymer, Thomas. 1641-1713. English Neoclassical literary critic: attacked Shakespeare.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Saarinen, Eero. 1910-61. Finnish/US experimental architect. St. Louis Gateway Arch 1948-65.

Saarinen, Eliel. 1873-1950. Finnish/US modern architect, teacher. Palace of League of Nations (Geneva) 1927.

Sabellianism. 3C Christian heresy. Trinity is 3 manifestations of one Godhead.

Sabines. Ancient Italian tribe whose women were seized by Romans as wives (legend). 290BC Conquered.

Sachs, Hans. 1494-1576. German shoemaker/poet, composed songs of commonplace.

Sachs, Julius von. 1832-97. German discoverer of chlorophyll action.

Sachs, Nelly. 1891-1970. German poet, Jewish spokesperson.

Sackville, Thomas. 1536-1608. British dramatist. First English blank-verse tragedy. Gorboduc 1561.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

Sadat, Anwar al-. 1918-81. Egyptian president 1970- Aided Nasser’s 1952 coup. 1977 Addressed Israeli Knesset. Peace with Israel 1979. Camp David. Assassinated.

Sadowa, Battle. 1866. Königgrätz.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Saigo Takamori. 1827-77. Failed Satsuma Revolt, 1877 vs Meiji.

Saint, Thomas. British sewing machine inventor, 1790. Singer.

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus. 1848-1907. US sculptor. Farragut. Abraham Lincoln (Chicago).

Saint-Simon, Henri de. 1760-1825. “Father” of French Socialism. Utopian writer. Organisateur 1820. Industry. New Christianity 1825.

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