Molay, Jacques de. 1243-1314. Last Grand Master of the Order of Templars. Burned.

Molière, Jean-Baptiste. 1622-73. French comedy actor, playwright. School for Wives 1662. Tartuffe 1664. Don Juan 1665. Misanthrope. Died in role of Malade Imaginaire.

Molinism. Doctrine of Spanish Jesuit, Molina 1535-1600. Reconciled free will and divine grace.

Molinos, Miguel. 1628-96. Spanish priest. Quietism. Died in prison during Inquisition.

Molly Maguires. 1835-55 Irish anti-landlord society. 1862-77 Irish terrorists in PA coal mining area.

Moltke, Helmuth von. 1800-91. Chief of Staff of Prussian army 1857-70, German 1870-88.

Mommsen, Theodor. 1817-1903. German historian. History of Rome 1854.

Momus. Greek personification of ridicule, humiliation.

Monaco. 10C BC Phoenicia. 5C BC Phocean. Rome. 9C Saracen. 1191 Genoa. 1297 Grimaldi family. 1524 Spanish protectorate. 1641 French protectorate. 1792 French. 1815 Sardinia.1861 Grimaldi, French protectorate. Will revert to France when no male heir.

Monarchianism. 190-3C. Christian Adoptionist heresy. God and Jesus are one being.

Monasticism. Seeking of spiritual perfection by living apart from society.

Monet, Claude. 1840-1926. Originator of Impressionist open-air painting direct from nature. Impression Sunrise 1872. Nymphéas 1906-26.

Monge, Gaspard. 1746-1818. French creator of descriptive geometry 1780.

Mongol Empire. Asia. Established 1207 by Genghis Khan. Peak included Persia, China, Russia. 1260- Fragmented. Yuan. Golden Horde. Tamerlane.

Mongolia. 13C Empire. 1686 China (Manchu). Outer Mongolia: 1913 Independent. 1921 Communist revolution. 1924 People’s Republic. Inner Mongolia: «China.

Monmouth, James. 1649-85. Illegitimate son of Charles II. Rye House Plot 1683. Beheaded after rebellion.

Monmouth’s Rebellion. 1685. vs James II at Sedgemoor. Unsuccessful.

Monophysitism. 4C- Heretical Christian doctrine. Jesus has single divine nature. Coptics. Monothelitism. Nestorianism. Dualism. Chalcedon.

Monopolies. 1597- Granted by English crown. Abolished by Parliament 1624, 39.

Monotheism. Religious doctrine holding that there is only one God.

Mons, Battle. WWI. 1914. Germans defeat British.

Montagnards. 1792-5. French revolutionary extremists led by Robespierre. Terror. Plain.

Montagu-Chelmsford Report. 1919. Basis of India Act.

Montaigne, Michel de. 1533-92. French sceptical humanist essayist. On Humanism 1580.

Montanism. 156-9C. Montanus’ ascetic Christian movement of illuminati expecting the Millenium.

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