Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

Madagascar. 1500 Portugal discovers. 1642 French. 1814 British. 1885 French protectorate. 1896 French colony. 1958 Self-government as Malagasy. 1960 Independent. 1975 = Democratic Republic of Madagascar. 1993 Republic.

Madeira. 1418 Portugal discovers. 1580 Spanish. 1640 Portugal.

Maderno, Carlo. 1556-1629. Swiss architect. Founded Baroque style. St. Peter’s facade 1607.

Madison, James. 1751-1836. US President. 1809-17. “Father of US Constitution.”

Madog. Welsh king, legendary discoverer of America 1170.

Madras Mutiny. 1809. European officers vs British East India Co.

Madrid, Treaty. 1526. Charles V, Francis I truce in Italian Wars. 1670. Spain cedes Jamaica to Britain.

Maerlant, Jacob van. 1225-91. Flemish didactic poet. Spiegel Historiael 1282-91.

Maeterlinck, Maurice. 1862-1949. Belgian Symbolist poet/playwright. Pelléas et Mélisande 1892.

Mafia. Cosa Nostra. 13C-. Sicilian crime organization.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Magdelanian. ~15-9C BC. Late paleolithic period.

Magellan, Ferdinand. c1480-1521 Portuguese navigator. Died leading first circumnavigation of the world. Discovered Straits of Magellan 1520.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Magi. Persian priest caste. Caspar, Melchior, Belthazar bore gifts to Jesus.

Maginot. André. 1877-1932. French statesman. Built line of fortifications in the east of France 1928-38, leaving French overconfident vs German threat.

Magliabechi, Antonio. 1633-1714. Italian Medici librarian.

Magna Carta. 1215. British charter of rights, confirming ancient liberties, forced on King John at Runnymede. Habeas Corpus.

Magna Graecia. 8-6C BC. Greek colonies in S Italy. Cumae, Tarentum.

Magnus I. The Good. 1024-47. King of Norway 1035-, Denmark 1042-, uniting them. Failed in claim to England.

Magritte, René. 1898-1967. Belgian Surrealist painter. Ceci n’est pas un pipe 1948. Castle of the Pyrenees 1962.

Magyars. Finno-Urgic peoples of Asia who settled Hungary.

Mahabharata. 400BC-200 AD. Sanskrit historical and Hindu religious epic. Ramayana.

Mahan, Alfred. 1840-1914. US naval officer/historian. Influence of Sea Power on History.

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