Mahavira, Vardhamana. 599-527BC. Indian founder of Jainism: -“All life is sacred”.

Mahayana. 1C-. Liberal Buddhist doctrine of China, Japan, Korea, Tibet. Bodhisattva.

Mahdi. Shi’ite messiah who will appear at end of the world. Several claimants have appeared.

Mahler, Gustav. 1860-1911. Austrian classical Romantic symphony composer. Bridged gap between Romantics and atonalists. Resurrection Symphony 1894.

Mahmud II. 1785-1839. Ottoman sultan 1808-. Lost Greece, Syria. Destroyed Janissaries.

Maida, Battle. 1806. British defeat French in Calabria.

Mailer, Norman. 1923-2007. US writer. Naked and the Dead 1948. Executioner’s Song 1979. Harlot’s Ghost 1991.

Maillol, Aristide. 1861-1944. French sculptor of massive female nudes. La Mediterranée 1905.

Maimonides, Moses of Cordova. 1135-1204. Jewish philosopher. Mishneh Torah 1168. Guide for the Perplexed 1180.

Maine. 1898. US battleship destroyed at Havana. Excuse for Spanish American War.

Maintenon, Françoise de. 1635-1719. Mistress, then secret wife of Louis XIV. Founded St-Cyr.

Maipú, Battle. 1818. Spanish loss. Chile Independent.

Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Majapahit Empire. 413-15C. Hindu kingdom in Java.

Majorca. Balearics.

Makarios III. 1913-77. Orthodox archbishop. Pro-Greek Cyprus president 1959-.

Malacca. (Melaka). 1403 Malay. 1511 Portugal. 1641 Dutch. 1795 British, «Straits Settlements. 1946 Malaya. 1963 Malaysia.

Malachy, St. 1094-1148. Irish Cistercian papal legate.

Malagasy. Madagascar.

Malan, Daniel. 1874-1959. South African Prime Minister 1948-54. Established Apartheid.

Malaparte, Curzio. 1898-1957. Italian Fascist writer. Coup d’Etat 1931.

Malatesta. 13-16C. Italian family. Ruled Rimini.

Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

Malaya. 200BC Indian colonies. 1511 Portugal. 1641 Dutch. 1795 Britain. 1948-63 Federation of Malaya. 1963 Malaysia.

Malayan Emergency. 1948-60. Britain and allies defeat communist guerillas.

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