Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Praguerie. 1440. French nobles rebel vs Charles VII.

Prasad, Rajendra. 1884-1963. First president of Indian Republic 1950-62.

President. Chief executive officer of most Republics.

Pretorius, Marthinus. 1819-1901. First president of South African Republic 1857-71, president. Orange Free State 1859-64.

Privatization. 1980s. Sale to public of government enterprises. Nationalization.

Progressive Bloc. 1915-17. Russian liberals urging reforms.

Progressive Party. 1912,24 Dissident US Republicans. 1948 Dissident Democrats.

Prophet, the. c1768-1834. Shawnee leader, Tecumseh’s brother. Blamed for Tippecanoe.

Propogation of the Faith, Congregation. 1622. Catholic Cardinals responsible for spreading the faith.

Prussia. 1226 Teutonic Knights. 1466 «Poland. 1525 Duchy of Poland. c1660 Independent. 1701 Kingdom. 1772-95 +NW Poland. 1871 Dominated German Empire. 1919 Weimar(W)/ Poland(E). 1933 Germany(W). Bismarck.

Public Safety, Committee. 1793-4. Ruled France during Terror.

Public Weal, League of. 1465. French nobles ally vs Louis XI.

Public Works of Art Project. (PWAP) 1933-4. New Deal. Gave work to unemployed artists. WPA.

Puebla, Battles. 1862 Mexican guerillas humiliate French army. “Cinco de Mayo”. 1863 French victorious, Maximilian.

Pueblo. US intelligence ship siezed 1968 by North Korea.

Pueblo Rebellion. 1680. Pueblo Indians expel Spain from New Mexico -1692.

Pulitzer, Joseph. 1847-1911. Hungarian/US publisher. Endowed prize awarded since 1917.

Pyrenees, Treaty. 1659. Established French/Spanish border ending 24 year war.

Quadruple Alliance. 1718. Austria, France, Britain, Dutch Republic. Defeated Spain’s attack on Sicily. 1813,15. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia. Enforced Treaty of Paris. 1834 France, Britain, Portugal, Spain. Supported Isabella II vs Carlist claims.

Quartering Acts. 1765-70,74. Forced Colonies to pay for British troops stationed there. Intolerable Acts. Stamp Act.

Quebec Act. 1774. Britain creates permanent government for Canada. Tolerance for French Canadians a cause of American Revolution. Intolerable Acts.

Quesnay, François. 1694-1774. French economist, Physiocrat. “Laissez-faire” is a natural divinely appointed law. Tableau Économique 1758 -systematic study of political economy. Can maximize social satisfaction under free competition.

Rachel. Biblical wife of Jacob.

Radical Republicans. 1860-77. Anti-slavery faction of US Republican Party. Abolitionists.

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