Montpensier, Louise, Duchesse de. 1627-93. French princess. Led rebels in Fronde 1652.

Morgan, Thomas. 1866-1945. US embryologist. Chromosome theory. Drosophilia genetics, 1910.

Mortimer, Roger. c1287-1330. Lover of Queen Isabella. Deposed Edward II and ruled 1327-. Executed by Edward III.

Moulin Rouge. 1889. Parisian music hall of Belle Epoque immortalized by Toulouse-Lautrec.

Mugabe, Robert. 1924-. Rebel leader with Nkomo. First Prime Minister of Zimbabwe 1980-.

Müller, Paul. 1899-1965. Swiss chemist. DDT as insecticide 1939.

Mursa, Battle. 351. Roman civil wars. Rebel Magnentius defeated by Constantius II. 54,000 dead.

Muslim Civil War. 656-61 Sunni Muawiya defeats Shi’ite Ali for leadership starting Umayyad dynasty. 683-92 Umayyad put down Syrian rebellion. 809-13 Iraq vs Iran. 1008-31 Moslem Spanish gain autonomy from Umayyad.

Namur, Sieges. Belgium. 1692 French capture. 1695 Dutch, English take French. 1914 Germans capture.

Narvaez, Ramon. 1800-68. Spanish general supporting Isabella II vs Carlists. Prime Minister 1844-66.

Nationalism. Musical movement to reflect national or ethnic spirit. Especially 16C and 19C. Grieg. Sibelius.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Ndebele. Formerly Matabele. Bantu-speaking people of SW Zimbabwe.

Nernst, Walther. 1864-1941. German scientist: Third law of thermodynamics. Physical chemistry.

Neruda, Pablo. 1904-73. Chilean surrealist poet. A New Decade

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Netherlands, Spanish. 1581-1714. = Belgium, Luxembourg.

New Zealand. <8C Maori. 1642 Tasman discovers. 1840 British. 1852 Autonomous. 1907 Dominion.

Newspapers.1566 Venice (first). 1594 Mercurius Gallobelgious England. 1621 Batter England. 1662 First censorship. 1690 Boston. 1702 Daily Courant, first daily.

Nibelungen. Rich subterranean dwarfs of 12C German epic poem c1200. Basis of Wagner’s Ring.

Nin, Anaïs. 1903-77. US writer. Under a Glass Bell 1944.

Nobel, Alfred. 1833-96. Swedish. Invented dynamite 1867. Founded Nobel Prize 1901.

Nobel Prize. Nobel legacy funded. Peace Prize and prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature. 1969 +Economics. . Declined: Le Duc Tho, Pasternak, Sartre.

Northwest Rebellion. 1885. Saskachewan natives and Métis for land rights. Defeated. Riél.

Obelisk. 3300 year old Luxor gift of Muhammad Ali to Charles X, 1829. Place de la Concorde, Paris.

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