Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Nile, Battle. 1798. Aboukir.

Nkomo, Joshua. 1917-99. Zimbabwe nationalist. Founded ZAPU.

Noguchi, Isamu. 1904-88. Japanese/US abstract sculptor. UNESCO Garden, Paris 1958.

Nominalism. Philosophy. Abstractions do not exist. Things are their names. Vs Realists. Aristotle. Roscelin. Hobbes.

Notables, Assembly. French deputies of states appointed by king.

Nova Scotia. Micmac. 10C Norse discover? 1497 Cabot discovers. 1605 French settle = Acadia. 1614 English. 1667 French. 1689 English. 1697 French. 1710 English. 1848 First British colony with Responsible Government. 1867 Canada.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Oder-Neisse Line. 1945- Polish-German border established by Potsdam Conference.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

O’Keefe, Georgia. 1887-1986. US semi-abstract artist.

Okinawa, Battle. 1945. US defeat Japanese garrison.

Omar. 581-644. Second Moslem caliph. Invaded Syria, Egypt, Persia. Established taxation.

Omri. -c872BC. King of Israel c884-. Established capital at Samaria.

Opera Buffa. = Comic Opera. Pergolesi.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

Oregon Question. 1818-46. Britain vs US on Canadian border. Treaty established 49°N 1846.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Ostracism. Athenian 10 year exile for disrupting stability.

Palais de la Bourse. 1808-1907. First public stock exchange 1724 was in Mazarin Mansion.

Palamedes. Mythical Greek hero. Invented numbers, alphabet, coins.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

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