Louis XIII. The Just. 1601-43. French King 1610-. With Richelieu, extended monarchs power. Absolutism.

Louis XIV. Sun King. 1638-1715. French King 1643-. Mazarin regent to 1661. Absolute reign signalled a flourishing of the arts. Built Versailles. Revoked Edict of Nantes. -“L’état c’est moi.”

Louis-Philippe. 1773-1850. French King 1830-48. 1790 Jacobin liberal who became absolutist monarch. Supported by bourgeoisie, defeated by workers in Revolt.

Lutyens, Elizabeth. 1906-83. Britain’s leading 12-note composer.

Lyautey, Louis. 1854-1934. French General. Established French protectorate over Morocco.

Maastricht, Treaty. 1993. Established European Union. Common citizenship, currency and free trade.

Mabillon, Jean. 1632-1707. French Benedictine scholar. Science of diplomatics. De re diplomatica 1681.

Maccabees. -63BC Jewish family. Led revolt vs Seleucids 168BC. Reconsecrated Temple of Jerusalem.

MacDonald, Ramsay. 1866-1937. First British Labour Prime Minister 1924~35.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Magliabechi, Antonio. 1633-1714. Italian Medici librarian.

Magna Carta. 1215. British charter of rights, confirming ancient liberties, forced on King John at Runnymede. Habeas Corpus.

Mahabharata. 400BC-200 AD. Sanskrit historical and Hindu religious epic. Ramayana.

Maida, Battle. 1806. British defeat French in Calabria.

Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Malan, Daniel. 1874-1959. South African Prime Minister 1948-54. Established Apartheid.

Malaysia. Malaya. 1963 +Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak. 1965 -Singapore.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Manila Bay, Battle. 1898. US defeats Spain, wins Philippines.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Marduk. Babylonian Lord of gods.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Married Women’s Property Act. 1882. UK. Abolished women’s property passing automatically to husband on marriage.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

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