Albornoz, Gil de. 1310-67. Restored papal authority, ending Babylonian Captivity.

Alemanni. 3-6C. Confederation of Germanic tribes in Swabia defeated by Clovis, 496.

Alexander II. 1818-81. Russian Czar 1855-. Emancipated serfs, 1861. Established elected assemblies, Zemstvo, settled Crimean War. Assassinated by Narodniki.

Alexander III. 1845-1894. Russian Czar 1881-. Established absolute rule using secret police. Temporary Rules. Franco-Russian Alliance.

Alien and Sedition Acts. 1798-1800/02. US fear French Revolution. Forbade criticism of government. Abused by Federalists vs Republicans.

Aljubarrota, Battle. 1385. Confirmed Portugal’s independence from Castile.

Allah. Arabic word for God; name of Islam’s God.

Allobroges. Celts who inhabited SE France; conq by Rome 121BC.

Alma, Battle. 1854 Crimean War. French and British defeat Russians at Sebastapol.

Alphabet. 1500BC. Semitic invention developed through mnemonic, pictorial, ideographic, and phonetic stages.

Alphonsine Tables. 1252. Incorrect astronomical data on planets, based on geocentric system.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amorites. 1900-1600BC. Babylonian civilization conquered Sumerians. Hammurabi.

Amram bar Shishna. -875. Hebrew scholar. Oldest prayer book. Seder Rab Amram.

Anabaptists. 1520- Christian sect. Adult baptism. No clergy. Salvation via faith. Millenialist. Hutterites, Mennonites, Quakers. Peasants War.

Anarchism, Communistic. Marxist revolutionary version of anarchism that seeks to overthrow the state. Bakunin. Kropotkin. Assassinated: Sadi-Carnot, Empress Elizabeth, Umberto I, McKinley.

Angad. 1504-52. Sikh Guru. Created Punjab script.

Anglo-Dutch Wars. 17-18C. Established England’s naval power, ended Dutch world power.

Angry Young Men. 1950s British writers. Irreverence for establishment. Amis, Wain, Osborne.

Anne. 1665-1714. British Queen 1702-. Reign notable for literarature, science, architecture. Last Stuart. Acts of Union, Settlement.

Annunciation. Angel Gabriel’s announcement to Mary re Jesus.

Anti-Masonic Party. 1826. US party absorbed into Whigs 1838.

Antonine Wall. 142. Scotland. North of Hadrian’s. Abandoned ~196. Antoninus.

Anu. Babylonian god of heavens.

Apollonius of Perga. c262-190BC. Greek mathematician: named conic sections: ellipse, hyperbola, parabola.

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