Arab-Israeli Wars. 1948-9. Palestinians flee to Arab countries. 1956. Israel captures Sinai, UN takes over. 1967. Six Day War. Israel defeats Egypt, Syria, Jordan, gains Jerusalem, Sinai, Golan,... 1973. Egypt, Syria attack = October War.

Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.

Arabesque. Style characterized by entwined vines, leaves.

Arabia. Semite. 6C BC Chaldean. c106BC Rome. 622 Caliphate Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17C Persia (E). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAR, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain.

Arafat, Yasir. 1929-2004. Arab Fatah PLO leader. President of Palestinian Authority 1996-.

Aramaeans. Ancient Semitic people of Mesopotamia, Syria. Language widespread 10C-5C BC. Alphabet 720 BC.

Aranjuez, Revolt. 1808. Forced abdication of Charles IV (Spain) and dismissed Prime Minister.

Ardon, Mordecai. 1896-1992. Polish/Israeli abstract painter. Jerusalem landscapes.

Ariadne. Daughter of Minos. Gave Theseus the string to escape the Labyrinth.

Art Deco. 1920-39. Elegant Parisian decorative style. Erte. Lalique. Chanel.

Arthur. c500. Legendary king of Camelot. Knights of the Round Table.

Aryabhata. 476-550. Hindu astronomer. Explained eclipses, earth’s rotation.

Asgard. Scandinavian abode of the gods.

Ashkenazi. 1534-72. Cabalistic Jewish scholar. Established Safed center of learning, Palestine.

Ashurbanipal. Assyrian king 669-626BC. Lost Egypt. Built Nineveh Library-22,000 clay tablets.

Atlantic Cable. 1866. Telegraphic link between North America and Europe.

Atropos. Fate of the inevitable, cut the string of life.

Attlee, Clement. 1883-1967. British Labour Prime Minister. 1945-51. National Health. Nationalization.

Augeas. Elidian king, Hercules cleaned his stables.

Austria. 400BC Celts. 15BC Rome. 5-7C Huns, Avars ravage. 6C Slovenes settle 8C Charlemagne. 9C Magyar. 955 Otto I...962 HRE. 976 Babenberg(E). 1278 Hapsburg. 1453 Archduchy. 1804 Austrian Empire. 1867 Ausgleich. 1918 Republic. 1938 Germany. 1945 Republic. 1955 Independence from Allies.

Averroës, Ibn Rushd. 1126-98. Arab philosopher: eternity of creation, universal shared consciousness.

Avicenna, Ali ibn-Sina. 980-1037. Arab physician, philosopher: Canon of Medicine.

Azerbaijan. 1828 Persia/Russia. 1918 Independent. 1922 USSR. 1936 Azerbaijan SSR. 1991 Independent. 1992-4 Karabakh War. CIS.

Ba’ath. 1943-. Pan-Arab Socialist unity party.

Bab. 1819-50. Arab founder of Babism, 1844.

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