Speusippus. -339BC. Led Athens Academy after Plato. First Encyclopedia.

Speyer, Diet. 1526,1529. Luther’s protest against the church’s intolerance of Reformers.

Sphynx. Greek mythical creature with lion’s body, human head. Killed who could not solve riddle. Earliest known 2550BC.

Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

Spiritualists, Greater World. 1931. Christian sect communicating with the dead.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

Spoils System. 19C US political patronage.

Spurs, Battle. 1513. French retreat from British in War of Holy League.

Spyri, Johanna. 1829-1901. Swiss writer. Heidi 1881.

Squanto. -1622. American Indian friend of Plymouth Pilgrims.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

SS. 1928-1945. Nazi police reporting directly to Hitler. Blackshirts. Gestapo. Himmler. SA.

St Albans. 1455. First battle of War of Roses. Henry VI captured by Yorks.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. 1572. Catherine de Medici has 2000 Huguenots killed by Charles IX.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

St George’s Day Revolt. 1343-5. Estonian peasants vs Danes. North Estonia sold to Teutonic Knights.

St-Germain, Treaty. 1570 French Wars of Religion. 1919 Created Republic of Austria.

St-Germain-des-Prés. Paris church. 990-1021 on the site of 542 monastery by Childebert.

St-Germain-L’Auxerrois. 13-15C. Church by Louvre gave signal for Massacre of St-Bartholomew.

St-Gervais-St-Protais. 1616-21. Church by Métezeau. First classical style building in Paris.

St John, Henry. 1678-1751. British statesman, writer.

St Laurent, Louis. 1882-1973 Canadian Liberal Prime Minister 1948-57. St Lawrence Seaway. Old Age Security.

St Lawrence Seaway. Links Great Lakes with Atlantic shipping. 1952 Begun. 1959 Open.

St Médard Convulsionnaires. Believers in miraculous cures at St. Médard cemetery forbidden by Louis XV in 1732: “By Order of the King, Let God No Miracle Perform in this Place!”

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

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