National Conservatory of Music. 1795 Paris.

National Convention. 1792-5. French legislature after Legislative Assembly.

National Covenant. 1638. Oath to maintain Scottish Presbyterianism against Charles I episcopacy. 1638-90. Presbyterians persecuted in Scotland. 1643-67 Solemn League allied with Parliament in Civil War. 1647-supported Charles. 1661 illegal.

National Defense, Gov’t of. 1870-71. France. Fall of Empire until recall of National Assembly.

National Gallery. England 1824.

National Gallery of Art. (US) 1937. Funded by Mellon.

National Geographic Society. 1888. World’s largest scientific and educational society.

National Health Service. 1948-. British system of socialized medicine.

National Insurance. 1911 Britain. Unemployment, health insurance. Social Security.

National Party. 1914. South African Afrikaaner pro-Apartheid, anti-Commonwealth party. In power 1948-94.

National Party. 1931-45. English political party.

National Party. 1936-. New Zealand conservative anti-Labour party.

National Recovery Organization. 1933. US. For business recovery during Great Depression.

National Republican Party. 1825-36. US Adams supporters. Merged into Whigs.

National Security Act. 1947. Formed US National Security Council, CIA.

Nationalism. 17-20C. Sociopolitical movement stressing individual’s loyalty to his state. 19C Led to Imperialism. 20C Fascism and Nazism.

Nationalism. Musical movement to reflect national or ethnic spirit. Especially 16C and 19C. Grieg. Sibelius.

Nationalization. Siezing of private enterprises by government with or without compensation. 1946-9 England: Banks, Railways, Mines, Steel, Electricity, Gas. 1946-9 France: Coal, Electricity, Gas, Transport. 1918 Russia: Banks, Insurance, Industry. 1951 Iran: Oil.

Native Land Acts. 1862, 65-92. New Zealand abolishes tribal land ownership, destroying traditional Maori society.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Natural Rights. Inherent rights that cannot be taken away by a government.

Naturalism. 19-20C Literary movement presenting life objectively. Zola.

Naturalism. 19C Style of landscape painting which captures nature. Turner. Constable. Boudin.

Naturalism. 20C Philosophy explaining all in scientific terms, rejecting supernatural.

Nauru. 1798 Sighted. 1888 Germany (Marshall Is). 1914 Australia. 1920 Britain/Ausralia/New Zealand mandate. 1942 Japanese occupy. 1947 Australian trust. 1968 Independent republic.

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