Mugwumps. 1884. US Republican reform faction. In England, politically neutral voters.

Muhammad. c570-632. Arabian founder of Islam, 622. Koran author by divine revelation, 610. United Arabs. Badr. Hijrah. Caliphate Empire.

Muhammad ’Ali Pasha. 1769-1849. Egyptian Viceroy 1805-48. Killed Mameluks. Aided Ottomans vs Greeks. Dynasty ruled Egypt to 1952.

Muhlenberg. German/US family. Founded US Lutheranism 18-19C.

Mujahideen. 1978. Afghan guerilla militia. Supported by US vs Soviet occupation.

Mukden Incident. 1931. Japan takes over Manchuria on pretext of attempted railway sabotage.

Müller, Hermann. 1876-1931. German Weimar leader. Young Plan.

Mumford, Lewis. 1895-1990. US social critic. Must restore human moral values. The City in History 1961.

Munch, Edvard. 1863-1944. Norwegian painter. Expressive, symbolic, psychological. The Cry 1893.

Munda, Battle. 45BC. Caesar defeats Pompey in Spain to establish rule.

Munich Agreement. 1938. Recognition of Italian and German conquests by Chamberlain and Daladier. Dismembered Czechoslovakia. Appeasement Policy. Sudetenland.

Munich Olympics. 1972. 11 Israelis killed by PLO terrorists.

Müntzer, Thomas. 1488-1525. Anabaptist founder 1520. Supremacy of inner light vs scripture. Peasant Revolt 1524. Executed.

Murasaki Shikibu. c978-1014. Japanese court lady, writer. Tales of the Genji 1001-5.

Murillo, Bartolomé. 1617-82. Spanish artist. Immaculate Conception 1652. Vision of St Antony 1656. Founded Seville Academy 1600.

Muromachi Period. 1338-1573. Japanese Ashikaga shoguns. Prosperity, foreign trade, Zen Buddhism.

Murray, James. 1722-94. First British governor of Quebec. Supported French residents. Recalled.

Murray, James. 1837-1915. Scottish/English editor of Oxford English Dictionary 1879-.

Mursa, Battle. 351. Roman civil wars. Rebel Magnentius defeated by Constantius II. 54,000 dead.

Muscadins. French Royalist youth movement after the Commune.

Muscovy Company. 1555-1698. English company with monopoly on Russian trade. First joint-stock.

Muses. Nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne that preside over the areas of knowledge: Calliope-epics, Clio-history, Erato-love poems, Thalia-comedy, Melpomene- tragedy, Terpsichore-dance, Euterpe-music, Polyhymnia-sacred poems, Urania-astronomy.

Muslim Civil War. 656-61 Sunni Muawiya defeats Shi’ite Ali for leadership starting Umayyad dynasty. 683-92 Umayyad put down Syrian rebellion. 809-13 Iraq vs Iran. 1008-31 Moslem Spanish gain autonomy from Umayyad.

Murphy, Gerald and Sara. 1920-33 US expatriates in Paris, Antibes. Parties, salons for artists and writers. Models for Fitzgerald’s Tender is the Night.

Mussolini, Benito. Il Duce. 1883-1945. Italian Fascist dictator 1922-. Seized Abyssinia 1935. Allied with Germany WWII. Shot.

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