Mecca. Holy city of Islam. Muhammad’s birthplace. Captured by Muhammad 630. Ka’bah.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Medieval Music. 476-13C. Church oriented. Evolved from Plainsong to polyphonic.

Mediterranean Agreements. 1887-92. Britain, Spain, Italy, Austria-Hungary. To preserve status quo.

Medway, Battle. 1667. Dutch destroy British fleet. Breda Treaty.

Megaera. Megaeia. Fury of jealousy.

Megaliths. Neolithic monuments of very large stones. Stonehenge.

Megalopolis. 370-222BC. Greek city destroyed by Spartan Cleomenes III.

Megarian. 4C BC. School of philosophy founded by Eucleides. Good is a single quality by many names.

Mehmed I. -1421. Ottoman sultan. Restored by Tamerlane; re-united Ottoman territory.

Mehmed II. 1432-81. Ottoman sultan 1451~. Captured Constantinople 1453, ending Byzantine Empire. Conquered Anatolia, Greece, Aegean, most of Syria. Re-established Ottoman Empire.

Mehmed VI. 1861-1926. Last Ottoman Sultan 1918-22. Deposed by Ataturk.

Melfi, Constitution of. 1231. Administrative law code of Sicily. Basis of later law codes.

Melilla. Spanish city on Moroccan coast conquered 1497. Berbers.

Mellon, Andrew. 1855-1937. US financier. Donated art, money to found National Gallery.

Melpomene. Greek Muse of tragedy.

Melville, Herman. 1819-91. US novelist. Moby Dick 1851.

Melville, Lord. 1742-1811. British minister under Pitt. Impeached, 1805; acquitted.

Memel. (Klaipeda). 1253 founded. 1410 German. 1919 Lithuania. 1939 Germany. 1945 USSR. 1991 Lithuania.

Memling, Hans. c1433-94. Flemish painter. Passion Triptych 1491.

Memnon. Ethiopian king killed at Troy by Achilles.

Memphis. 2686-2160BC. Capital of Egyptian Old Kingdom.

Menander. 342-292BC. Greek comic dramatist. Dyscolus 316BC.

Mencius. c371-289BC. Chinese. “2nd” Confucian sage. Man is innately good.

Mendel, Gregor. 1822-84. Austrian abbot, botanist. Studied heredity. Genetics 1865.

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