Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Maronite. Syrian Roman Catholic Church. 7C Settled Lebanon. 1182- Under Vatican. 1860 Druze massacre Maronites. 1920 Lebanon. Phalangists.

Marprelate Tracts. 1588-9. Anonymous seditious Puritan pamphlets for which Penry was executed.

Married Women’s Property Act. 1882. UK. Abolished women’s property passing automatically to husband on marriage.

Marryat, Frederick. 1792-1848. English adventure writer of energetic seafaring stories. Midshipman Easy 1836.

Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Marseilles. c600BC Greek colony. 49BC Rome.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marshall, John. 1755-1835. US Chief Justice. Marbury-Madison.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

Marsyas. Mythical Phrygian artist. Challenged Apollo to musical contest.

Martel, Édouard. 1859-1938. Creator of speleology.

Martha. Sister of Mary and Lazarus. Symbol of active life.

Marvell, Andrew. 1621-78. English satirical poet. To His Coy Mistress. Poems on Affairs of State 1689.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary II. 1662-94. Queen of England with William III, 1689-. Expelled her father, James II.

Mary Magdalene, St. Disciple, exorcised by Jesus. Saw him resurrected.

Mary of Burgundy. 1457-82. Duchess. Marriage to Maximilian I gave Netherlands to Hapsburgs.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Mary Tudor. 1496-1533. Daughter of Henry VII, married Louis XII of France.

Masada. 66-73. Last Zealot stronghold vs Rome. 2 Year siege.

Masaryk, Thomas. 1850-1937. Founder, first President of Czechoslovakia, 1918-35.

Maskeyline, Nevil. 1732-1811. English astronomer. Longitude from moon position 1763. Nautical Almanac 1766.

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