Lubbock, John. English MP. Bank Holidays Act 1871.

Luce, Henry. 1898-1967. US publisher. Founded Time 1923, Fortune 1930, Life 1936, Sports Illustrated 1954.

Luddites. 1811-16. Workers who destroyed machines to stop the Industrial Revolution. Led by mythical Ned Ludd.

Ludlow, Battle. 1459. War of Roses. York, Warwick routed by Lancastrians.

Lukács, György. 1885-1971. Hungarian Marxist writer: History of Class Conscioussness 1923.

Lully, J-B. 1632-87. Composer who developed French Opera overture styles. Armide 1686.

Lumière, Louis. 1864-1948. Auguste 1862-1954. French chemists, invented cinematography 1895.

Lundy’s Lane, Battle. 1814. Canada defeats US invasion. War of 1812.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Lurçat, Jean. 1892-1966. French painter, revived the art of tapestry. Apocalypse 1948.

Lusitania. 1915. British passenger ship sunk by German U-boat. Led to US joining WWI. 1198 lost.

Lusitania. Roman province ≈Portugal + west Spain.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

Lutuli, Albert. 1898-1967. African Zulu chief. Pacifist ANC President 1952-. Let My People Go 1962.

Lutyens, Edwin. 1869-1944. English architect of country houses and public buildings. Fountain at Trafalgar. New Delhi Plan 1912.

Lutyens, Elizabeth. 1906-83. Britain’s leading 12-note composer.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Luxemburg, Rosa. 1871-1919. German revolutionary theoritician, agitator. Founded Spartacus Party.

Luynes, Duke of. 1578-1621. French. Adviser to Louis XIII.

Lyautey, Louis. 1854-1934. French General. Established French protectorate over Morocco.

Lyceum. c335BC. Athenian school founded by Aristotle, called ’Peripatetics’.

Lycia. Mountain district of Anatolia. 43 conquered by Rome. Xanthos.

Lycurgus. 9C BC. Totalitarian Spartan reformer. Created militaristic society.

Lycurgus. c390-324BC.Led short revival of Athens after Peloponnesian War.

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