Jerusalem, Synod. 1672. Eastern Orthodox Church denounces Calvinism and Lutheranism.

Jesuit Order. Society of Jesus.1534-. Founded by Loyola. Vows of poverty, chastity, and perfect obedience to Pope. Missionary and educational work. Dissolved 1773; restored 1814.

Jesus. c6BC-c30. Jewish prophet, believed by Christians to be the Messiah, son of God. Crucified. Resurrected. Life and death were inspiration for Christianity.

Jewish Agency. 1929-. Founded by Weizmann to support Zionist cause in Palestine.

Jewish Era. Began 3761BCE. Year of creation calculated from Biblical evidence. Christian Era. Muhammadan Era.

Jewish Revolts. vs Romans. 66-73: Failed, Temple destroyed. 132-5: Suppressed by Hadrian. Jews banished from Jerusalem.

Jews. Individuals of Jewish parentage or Judaic religion. Descendents of Israelites who survived Babylonian Captivity. Hebrew.

Jihad. Moslem duty to spread Islam by holy war.

Jiménez, Francisco. 1436-1517. Spanish cardinal, statesman. Founded University of Alcalá.

Jimmu Tennõ. c660BC. Japan’s legendary first Emperor. Direct descendent of Sun goddess.

Jingoism. Excessive nationalism. Originally for British who intervened in Russo-Turkish War, 1877.

Joachim, St. Mary’s father.

Joad, CEM. 1891-1953. British pacifist agnostic Rationalist philosopher. Vitalism. Guide to Philosophy 1936.

Joan, Pope. Legendary female pontiff 855-8.

Joan of Arc, St. c1412-31. Defeated English at Orléans. Burned by the English as heretic. Rehabilitated 1456.

Joei Shikimoku. 1232. Established Japanese Shogunate feudal system.

Johanan ben Zakkai. 1C Pharisee. Founder of Jabne Academy, 70. Foundations of Rabbinic and Talmudic Judaism.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John. The Fearless. 1371-1419. Duke of Burgundy 1404-. War vs Armagnacs.1407 conquered Paris, won crown. Assassinated by Armagnacs during negotiations.

John, St. The Baptist. -28. Baptised Christ. Beheaded for Salome by Herod Antipas.

John I. 925-976. Byzantine Emperor 969-. Extended Empire to Balkans, Syria.

John II. The Good. 1319-64. King of France 1350.- Hundred Years War. Captured at Poitiers, ransomed for 3M écus. Annexes SW France.

John V. 1332-91. Byzantine Empire 1341~91. Tried to unite East-West Schism to fight Turks.

John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

John XX. Non-existent pope due to miscount by John XXI.

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